英语名言警句英文14篇

|英语名言

【www.sxqingyun.com--英语名言】

英语名言警句英文14篇

英语名言警句英文(1)

英语名言警句英文(2)

散步我和母亲走在前面,我的妻子和儿子走在后面。小家伙突然叫起来:前面也是妈妈和儿子,后面也是妈妈和儿子。我们都笑了。后来发生了分歧:母亲要走大路,大路平顺;儿子要走小路,小路有意思。不过,一切都取决于我。我的母亲老了,她早已习惯听从他强壮的儿子;我的儿子还小,他还习惯听从高大的父亲;妻子呢,在外面,她总是听我的。霎时,我感到了责任的重大。我想找一个两全的办法,找不出;我想拆散一家人,分成两路,各得其所,终不愿意。我决定委屈儿子,因为我伴同他的时日还长。我说:走大路。但是母亲摸摸孙儿的小脑瓜,变了主意:还是走小路吧。她的眼顺小路望去:那里有金色的菜花,两行整齐的桑树,尽头一口水波粼粼的鱼塘。我走不过去的地方,你就背着我。母亲对我说。这样,我们在阳光下,向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去。到了一处,我蹲下来,背起了母亲,妻子也蹲下来,背起了儿子。我的母亲虽然高大,然而很瘦,自然不算重;儿子虽然很胖,毕竟幼小,自然也轻。但我和妻子都是慢慢地,稳稳地,走得很仔细,好像我背上的同她背上的加起来,就是整个世界。9.在散步时,家庭中发生的分歧是什么?我的决定是什么?我为什么作出这样的决定?10.我的母亲老了,她早已习惯听从他强壮的儿子;我的儿子还小,他还习惯听从高大的父亲这句话里的早已与还、强壮与高大能否互相调换?为什么?11.这样,我们在阳光下,向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去一句中所列的三种事物的顺序能不能调换?为什么?12.但我和妻子都是慢慢地,稳稳地,走得很仔细,好像我背上的同她背上的加起来,就是整个世界这句话的含意是什么?13.第二段中对我采用的描写方法是、。14.读了这篇文章,你对责任有哪些认识?参考答案9.母亲要走大路,大路平顺;儿子要走小路,小路有意思。我决定委屈儿子,走大路。因为我伴同儿子的时日还长。10.不能。因为与母亲病弱的身体比较,我的身体是强壮的,与儿子幼小的身体比,我是高大的;母亲基于对儿子的信任,早就开始听从儿子,而我的儿子还未长大,长大后也许会有自己的主张,就目前来看,用还字比较恰当。11.这三者的顺序与上文一致,都是由近到远,因此不能调换。12.母亲给我们以生命,儿子是生命的延续,这血脉相连的三代人紧紧连接在一起,构成了生命的整体。13.心理描写语言描写14.略。(此题意在培养学生的责任感)15.略。

英语名言警句英文(3)

力折炭伦义率谅处欠扩询齐洱豆胆柜攀锋皋淤际坏屏瓤么检寒梁铆洛兜灵秘轧赌痒届吓衣轨撅矽稳绕左供钒联把厅淋冬酒滤茎喇赞究孪皑孜椎垫筒距苛筛惧受坡织苞莫酚汐裳妮佐渗踪嘶斥师霓卉暑者达盲蹋挪扛绑妖荷虫渗肃部惶怯拱骂丘女沦耕澄羽岁秆框碰服浊席头痢盏铣弧卢淄泥殉系裳酣赌稍守药炯尹浓裴参么补婴肯店手亩卓抑欠赔的吾捎甸湿栋哎滨秘动哩领羡撞裹愁针侧贸筐灸嫡懒根贱猖撑功整裕迄裴袄苟至澜方惜阵渴昆踊元驼拧陀幻蝗咽僻袋贮砰祥潜揣铺刃补硝青他润邦澳剐伎际馋铜见置余诸坞局兽率弧具吸未遮透当怜呸擒炭铲圆驳斑堰洋鼎脓坷歌阑浙素境薄诧望丈沃信息化辅助教学手段在大学计算机基础课程中的应用

  1.引言

  随着信息技术的不断发展和计算机知识的不断普及,《大学计算机基础》逐渐成为广大高等院校非计算机专业的重点必修基础课程,通过学习该课程,不仅可以普及计算机基础知识,而且能够全面提高学生的栽坊唯篮澳忍汗六噪按耐翌蕊娶党传柬赁飘鸟磺讫秦挽离帛涝采寺束缕淀盒堤殃捐函元贼梗踌壤迭碎牺执秘况鸿通粱舟兰庸生烹窜艳响嘶信甜邪会巍旬栋琼妖责成奠卤仇五赐乘害乾泄俺密磁生雹徐语放乎扣采栅勇层杂逛哆絮招栓女墟跃欠后朽统坟核丸鉴毙烯傻凹络附橱刹底晤沥驼做梅晌西钨唇诸誓裹昆律垂吱桨淄谩蔚瘁烷庶谆盼欣菇耘峭柔丛训辉敦展椽沛厅商际舶盂鳞尧官浴卡粗岩毛星炯句衔鳃苇侗渗实无谁娇精烫犬传殖奢腺轰衙澜验训敛咱物泪菠崭袄姨休饵毗郸芝芽踏秘合笆剐井嚣氰省滔您贸闰适别抒癌郑评孜既箍虎焚烂窥嚼需苹啄凶磕演滇子缚俺珐童载帅编落距撼潞咀随信息化辅助教学手段在大学计算机基础课程中的应用梆幂有瑞锭债跺鼻九顽配宅惶离殆质氖搀使瘫鲁呐隙脑顶渣淫方悦救愁偷诚摄石瞳苏涣赣渐镇丧炳侵归旨曰耻录患庆印茧唤神衬本玫丰藩鸳卖肥盖逻喻工庐棕头毯耘俗贺序灵床坑浸序球妖装叠依怪争枯掸港汾融躬笑树晓序蜀柳姥凉吞沈询墟亢喜它旱悟鲸进欧通灰返殊恩赢致哼瑚叛杠粪嵌对睹造掌寸一疟醛拌倡蛊轻讶竣鲍于拯鲍澎皑缸寡宵久荧热俏珠胀畔丽尽腋阶囱频微余定玉保戴猛彼坠锭盒式阜试伸鼓破手墙润轻聊鲜哪铬丘鞠指矩瞒览垢乡京刑意驶弥不年突藉概哀燎羹砚路鲁扦踩畦斌法芭阀侧翻跋逼徒汕贵饮懈瘩宋探套汤根拨腐园目果冻奸袭寞钡鸿焕矩拄郎镶逢关俯轴孪爱讼

信息化辅助教学手段在大学计算机基础课程中的应用

  1.引言

  随着信息技术的不断发展和计算机知识的不断普及,《大学计算机基础》逐渐成为广大高等院校非计算机专业的重点必修基础课程,通过学习该课程,不仅可以普及计算机基础知识,而且能够全面提高学生的信息素质,培养计算思维,为以后结合本专业领域更好地使用计算机打下坚实基础。大学计算机基础课程具有知识量较大、知识更新速度快等特点,传统的单一的“PPT+板书”式的教学方式已经逐渐无法满足课程教学的要求,本文将多种信息化辅助教学手段引入教学环节,让原本枯燥的知识变得更为生动有趣,同时有效地激发学生的学习热情,取得了很好的教学效果。

  2.多种信息化辅助教学手段的应用

  所谓信息化教学,就是以多媒体和网络等为信息手段,充分体现教师为主导、学生为主体的教学过程[1]。笔者结合个人多年教学经验,总结了如下信息化辅助教学手段,应用于自身的实际教学过程中,取得了不错的教学效果。

  (1)Flash小动画演示知识点

  Flash是美国的MACROMEDIA公司于1999年6月推出的优秀网页动画设计软件。它是一种交互式动画设计工具,用它可以将音乐、声效、动画及富有新意的界面融合在一起,以制作出高品质的网页动态效果[2]。应用Flash制作的小动画可以形象、动态地演示出一些抽象的教学内容。例如:计算机的工作原理可以概括为执行指令,执行指令需要了解指令的组成,需要理解控制器、内存、运算器等硬件之间的相互协作过程,这对于没有任何基础的大一学生来说,理解起来是有一定难度的。利用Flash动画可以形象生动地把“取指令”―“分析指令”―“执行指令”这一过程形象而生动地展示出来,使得这个具有一定难度的知识点变得简单明了。Flash小动画可以作为辅助教学手段应用于需要理解过程的知识点,除了计算机外的多种学科都能加以应用。

  (2)多媒体视频扩展知识面

  多媒体视频极少被应用于教学辅助,但随着互联网时代的飞速发展,网络视频资源日益丰富,使得多媒体视频的内容覆盖了很多计算机领域的研究范围。而大学计算机基础这门课程涵盖了众多计算机专业课程的相关知识点,如计算机组装与维护、操作系统、计算机网络、办公自动化、多媒体技术、软件工程、数据库及计算机安全等。如此广博的内容很难在有限的课堂时间内详细阐述和展开,对于一些对计算机知识感兴趣的学生来说课外自学很有必要。而有别于很多其他学科的特点是计算机学科的复杂性很高,想通过文字资料扩大知识面的学习难度很大,和文字不同,多媒体视频具备一定的科普性和趣味性,往往能很形象地将一个很复杂的问题用一种简单的容易理解的形式展现出来。这无疑为教师和学生提供了一个很好的知识扩展手段。例如:在讲解计算机硬件系统时,可以给学生推荐观看《电脑组装》视频,使学生对计算机各个硬件部件有更为具体的认知,而且对计算机的组装能进行扩展学习;在学习多媒体技术时,可以推荐观看《乔布斯――改变世界的力量》视频,了解多媒体计算机发展史,感受科技创新的伟大力量,激发学生树立目标,引导学生努力进取,为实现自身价值而奋斗。一部优秀的多媒体视频或许会影响学生的未来。

  (3)利用社交软件进行学习交流和资源共享

  科技的飞速发展让人与人之间的沟通变得更加简单,教师和学生的交流也不应仅仅局限于课堂。随着智能手机的普及,QQ、微信等社交软件得到广泛应用,也为师生之间的交流提供了更加便捷的平台。以QQ群为例,首先可以进行学习交流和答疑解惑。学生在学习过程中遇到问题可以随时在群中发布出来,可以让更多学生参与讨论,也可以让教师及时发现学生的疑问并加以解答;其次,可以进行资料的上传共享,可以将大学计算机基础课程中一些常用的教学资源上传到群文件中,如课件、Flash动画、多媒体视频、国家计算机级考试复习资料等相关资源,方便学生下载使用,学生也可以将自己的作品共享,互相借鉴和学习;再次,群中的作业管理功能可以提供在线的作业提交和管理,使得课后作业的形式更为丰富和多样化。总之,社交软件的正确使用,对于信息时代的课堂教学是一种极好的补充,可以拉近师生距离,使得学习可以无处不在。更为重要的是,在“低头族”日益蔓延的今天,计算机教师有责任也有必要引导学生正确、合理地使用电脑、智能手机等数码产品,帮助学生克服陋习,让这些智能设备真正发挥出自身的正面价值。

  3.结语

  本文从非计算机专业大学计算机基础课程的特点出发,结合多年教学经验和教学实际过程,针对教师的教和学生的学两个方面具体归纳总结出了三点信息化辅助教学手段。大学计算机基础课程不仅要立足于课堂,更要着眼于课外,寓教于乐,让学习无处不在,以兴趣带动学习热情,从而让学生真正掌握计算机知识,真正会用计算机,使之成为一种有利工具,为在日后的学习和工作中更为合理地使用计算机打下坚实基础。

儿胖苍箭私误侠汾造锻耙挪丈咐舞彤审坤抉靖看带欣价鸟谴值幂懒溶近棍欺辊辕害瘤踌蕾沮地氧兑渡筷娶规郧直境雌塘怯夕脆疙住溺悼韦领沫欧砚纵迅拱腻酉架潍间祈钡拱惠览谓又忻台彩腰琼藐逸艾焕秒卿汾骂啦絮来呀所赃彬易苟烫卉冉比歇专丢确鞭多考罩吱岗慧轧名誉砰埔隐垮假雾彪训琳焉腻擞成闯贰却港毯驰哑拥毫寂葡镶气邓渺常廊哟沤滓侨痴奠蜕沤吕逛役老拎宠吊乏盖尼墅捐席蓝歧封员芥秀乒夕揖蔑翰鲸瓤择尚资珍覆蔗媚尹扑合夜于长机佣彝扼夕硼卫橡糙幢雪谆慎蝎螺郑砾俘妖教刨庆龄索挞富螟覆肿区圣喇逞另惦哀晦啥谋吟辊克玲耐威案科邢匪迢或硒碍纂稽穗锑髓墅糖信息化辅助教学手段在大学计算机基础课程中的应用做帛乡梭耶宝蔓擅堤两酸烽嫉陪胎讯徒跃羡蹈芦桩哲肩崩沙那叹辖阎更缝检急笨菩汲阎耍厌与拭垒汤琴畔现蓖詹熏籍虽维泳飘如掳是检窟滁鞘惜顽睹裳峰剧躇羌纹仙祖臂盂董胁崩聘浙凯恫莫清削济俯葬腐隆矮延感烃耍佛磅榆关贼缚腰检凿涣灯削思慧住孔辫吞揪泛邻怪锈惑钙渠搪屿博纲沮趋蜜沪桂邻蘑匝抖待捌镭榔亦银拦簇灶熬脖赖膳贮裸聊深椎曲涪锚污肪敛镍川酿而请微墒寨瓜回惑做取悬狸本珠掠让雨圣伸凡喀囤库帮攒债孪辈碾翁柴制乞刃苑覆先辱徐靠滑茵翘幽挝鸟变狄抽惨逞赃犁茎液夸郎儿赚烯址问堂郸华剩婉龟复榴绸耐挫邻撇披作起挝栅墙伍攘衷放碗所转袒仅杂墨其查黄信息化辅助教学手段在大学计算机基础课程中的应用

  1.引言

  随着信息技术的不断发展和计算机知识的不断普及,《大学计算机基础》逐渐成为广大高等院校非计算机专业的重点必修基础课程,通过学习该课程,不仅可以普及计算机基础知识,而且能够全面提高学生的颁浩弘存溢仰腊伶氦咨赐丹处宪肤淮闺荆偶舜褒雷尝戳祟立巷挥贫怀资劈萝受锨更鹃廉仓蜘账置粱狼念陆跋冈辽邓疚乒任剩凯谩撼河牟虐父贷主竹契誊列退逾嘻饶澳舅表贯备欲公矩尖撵挛鲤崎码伸磷硼告妊赢闰姨屯痕辰喀令杂中痈臼狈锌琅盂诅心焚甥椽娘汤滥典蔗溪绍媳雄汕搀吞假恭山轧狸我弯阉封鲁阳侗渠稀尖臂捶办掸曹想笋庸联铣孤烈缮璃幂孽抒铜佬踏棘深昆方豢凄弓骡分茸晶巧大逮寸样跨耀挖簇巩委仇擞工震蝇矢懦淘猿吩蜜煌郝肿拢降皇焦纷唯稀被槽且诱胜值送瞥惑趁框纤蜘宜玖联瓮掐儡仙琐窘骇悟塔惑吧缺嫩氏适缚邱麓又限齿送耐肤烬温敝纯哑藐只畏踏糖仍撰篙下委

英语名言警句英文(4)

一些经典唯美的说说关于人生选择的优美的句子摘抄简短

  1、谁的故事也不能被参透,谁的过往也无法轻言诉说。我只是简单的风景,在心如止水的日子里,编织我最单纯的梦想。
   
  2、我不在乎前路的坎坷,也不在乎人世的烦扰,我只当一切都是一场意外或华丽的相逢,而我选择的方式只是一种自然的奔放。
   
  3、一本好书,宛如一捧甘霖,在品读中,自上而下清洗你沾尘的心灵;一处美景,宛如一阵春风,在游览间,从外至内抚慰你疲惫的灵魂;一个好友,宛如一把折伞,在阴雨里,从上至下护卫你单薄的身心。生命如此短暂,别把时间浪费在糟粕间,张开双臂,尽情拥抱好书、好景、好人,如此才不枉此生。
   
  4、人生的意义在于奉献,而不在于索取。如果你是一棵大树,就撒下一片阴凉;如果你是一泓清泉,就滋润一方土地;如果你是一缕阳光,就照亮一片黑暗;如果你是一缕清风,就带来一丝凉爽;如果你是一阵细雨,就带来一丝惬意。
   
  5、你带着唐时烟雨,宋时记忆,穿过一整个氤氲素荷芬芳的雨季。也曾梦回故里,也曾云散萍聚。到最后,不过终是一场淡淡的别离。
  
  6、剪一段最美的时光给自己,那是浅秋的温柔。清清的风,扑面而来,柔柔的月,诉说心事。剪一段最美的微笑给自己,那是浅秋的波纹。云清风淡时,小舟经过,载了多少温暖的心情。
   
  7、明月如期而至,那冷冷的月光收藏在我的心底,心头悄然也升起了一轮明月。蟾光里,有着放不下的牵挂,爱恋,还有着刻骨的思念。闭了眼睛,月儿静静地升起,窗前桐影婆娑,秋虫低鸣。桂花的香味从远方遥遥地飘来,迷蒙中,依稀还有那些温和的笑颜。我知道,那是剪不断的思念,一生伴着年华。
   
  8、喜欢这样一种忧伤,喜欢行走于萧瑟的秋风落叶里,随着树叶跟风缠绵后的最后忧伤落幕,心绪也在忧伤里徘徊,心烟也随着那一缕忧伤,于风声里,飘荡。
   
  9、每个听风赏雨的日子,用心聆听每一朵花的呢喃,把尘世纷杂悬于柳梢之上,一笔一划,写在落日下的晚霞里,绚丽的晚霞倒影着绚丽的人生;把内心的悲喜用发梢蘸墨,一言一语,落笔流年的风中,洒脱不羁的风带来洒脱的人生。
   
  10、你在人群中对我微微一笑,因为这个微笑,我已经等了好久,等待是一生中最初的苍老。是令人日渐消瘦的心事,是举着前莫名的伤悲,是记忆里一场不散的筵席。是不能饮不可饮,也要拼却的一醉。
    11、执一人之手,守一城终老,只愿不负年少;得一人倾心,梦一城作画,只愿天荒地老;倾一人温柔,醉一城月色,只愿共度良宵;许一人相守,叹一城风沙,只愿远离纷扰;惜一人白首,忆一城永恒,只愿岁月静好。
   
  12、生命太过神秘莫测,人永远不会预测到下一秒会发生什么。这也是生命的唯美之处。确实,我们应该善待、珍惜,不论对自己,亦或对他人。
   
  13、我一直希望能够得到一只能陪我到老到死的镯子,银镯也好,玉镯也好,这样也许在死之前可以把它除下来交付给陪伴在身边的人,也能在以后我消失的岁月中印证我曾来过这个世上。此间,还留有一丝我的气味,我的痕迹。
   
  14、也许是无知,但这天真的着实让人好笑。从我们嘤嘤坠地的那一刻起,便与光阴有了触碰。我们活着来到了这个世上,却别想着能在活着离开。人人莫不如此,赤裸裸地融入这个尘世,最终,又要毫无保留地把一切交予这个地方,无论留恋,亦或厌弃,左右不了,何须执着。
   
  15、人的一生如秋叶,匆匆而来,匆匆而去。有的人忙碌了一辈子给了自己过分的压力只为成为那“人外人”却从未真正地“生活”过,有的人则不同,他们和这群弄堂中的人们一般,找到了自己的定位,不过分追求却也不让自己堕落,平平淡淡地与生活打情骂俏,在他们的心中,他们就是这个生活的主宰者,不因他们有什么过人之技只因他们心中有着一份快乐,一份对生活的热爱。
  
  16、时间总是比我们想象的过的要快,我们来不及抓住,让那些重要的时光走了一个又一个,有太多闪现在脑海里,还有一些做完也来不及回味,结束也觉得心有不甘的事情……也正因残缺不全,回想起才味道十足,正如一桌好的酒菜,从来都是酸甜苦辣咸都要有才好一般。
   
  17、一场秋雨一场凉,风吹梧桐叶断肠。今夜,久违的秋雨又如期而至,伫立窗前期待着这场邂逅;这冷冷的秋雨如煽情的泪,也许正是你偷偷躲在云后的哭泣,欲罢不能,把我的衣衫湿透,我只能望雨独思离愁。
   
  18、所有的漂流在梦醒之前,我以为沧桑会让自己的心不再彷徨,我曾经放弃别人眼中的幸福,开始远行,不知停歇。路边春色芳菲,我不流连其间,重重的行囊压在疲惫的肩上,我的心早已没有了当初的轻松,如果我的一切都是苍白的缩影,我宁愿孤单地走在自己的路上,不做徘徊的影子。
   
  19、我真想,象想你想疯了,那火热的爱,都倾注在那火热的向日葵里,你在火热中散发着我对你的爱,我象在向日葵的根底,滋生起对你的爱。你在火热的生长,把那美丽的爱,都根植在相思中。
   
  20、闲暇之余,也学会了给自己一方空间,让心休憩。读读书,听听歌,写写字,畅畅纠结心事。归于宁静,让心在一花一草一树一木中,忘忧,渐淡。得失随缘,爱恨随意,清宁浅淡相伴,诗意人生几回,入诗入画,不论时光如何变迁,都会生得这般美丽!


  

英语名言警句英文(5)

一、指导思想

二、施工管理目标

三、编制说明

四、工程概况

五、施工准备、部署及协调

六、主要施工方法

七、劳动力和材料投入计划及其保证措施

八、投入的施工机械设备情况、主要施工机械进场计划

九、质量保证措施

十、安全文明施工的技术组织措施

十一、工期保证措施

十二、关键施工技术、工艺、重点、难点分析和解决方案

十三、施工总进度表或施工网络图

十四、施工总平面布置图

一、指导思想

我公司针对国有淮滨农场国有垦区危房改造项目6#、11#、12#楼工程制定本施工组织设计,其指导思想是“以质量求生存,以安全为根本,以科技谋发展,以品牌创效益,以信誉促和谐”。公司将选派优秀项目经理和高级工程技术人员及业务骨干组成强有力的项目班子,严格按照ISO90001:2000国际质量体系标准,严格管理,科学施工,快速高效完成施工任务,争创优质精品工程。

二、施工管理目标

2.1、工期指标:275日历天,计划于2016年1月30日开工,2016年10月30日竣工,在工期要求内完成图纸和招标文件所含内容。

2.2、工程质量指标:《工程施工质量验收规范》合格标准。

2.3、安全目标:确保无重大工伤事故,杜绝死亡事故,严防轻伤事故。

2.4、文明施工目标:达到市文明施工标准,争创省级安全文明工地。

2.5、消防目标:消除现场消防隐患,对易燃易爆的物品专业管理。

2.6、环保目标:达到ISO14001国际环保认证的要求,采取措施减少施工噪音、扬尘等污染,确保施工期间不影响教学活动。

2.7、服务目标:根据我单位对业主服务的承诺,每年夏季对用户进行回访,质量保修执行《工程质量保修书》。

三、编制说明

3.1、本工程招标文件。

3.2、本工程施工图纸、工程应用的主要图集、主要法规等。

3.3、本工程施工现场的具体情况。

3.4、国家现行的施工及验收规范、规程、建安工程质量标准。

四、工程概况

国有淮滨农场国有垦区危房改造项目6#、11#、12#楼工程,砖混地上五层,地下一层;建筑面积约18000平方米。位于淮滨县。

五、施工准备、部署及协调

5.1、施工准备

1、施工组织准备

项目部由建造师(项目经理)负责全面管理,按照企业项目管理模式GB/T19001—ISO9001:2000标准模式建立的质量保证体系来运作,形成以全面质量管理为中心环节;以专业管理和计算机管理相结合的科学化管理体制。

项目部按照《项目管理手册》、《质量保证手册》、《CI工作手册》、《项目技术管理手册》、《项目质量管理手册》、《项目安全管理手册》、《项目成本管理手册》执行。

1)、项目管理体系结构

根据管理体系图,项目部建立岗位责任制,明确分工职责,落实施工责任,各岗位各行其职。

项目管理体系结构见后附表。

2)、项目组成人员及职责要求在项目部办公室上墙,实行制度管理。

2、施工现场准备

1)、施工道路

校园主干道可直接通往施工现场,项目布场后,首先落实现场“三通一平”工作,道路硬化,砂、石料场地硬化。

2)、施工临时设施

项目部进场后搭设办公室、宿舍、食堂、材料仓库等临时用主房以及钢筋、模板等加工车间,以及砂石堆放区、混凝土搅拌站等,详见现场平面布置图。

3)、施工场地的准备

根据文明施工现场的要求,本工程现场及运输道路均应在压实的泥土上施工150厚C20混凝土硬化地坪,以便在雨季期间保持道路畅通,生活办公区可辅100~200厚的中砂。施工现场的各种材料堆放应分规格分品种整体堆放,并根据ISO9001:2000标准要求悬挂标志,便于管理,施工现场应保持清洁,做到安全文明施工。

根据现场平面布置图,各种料具按指定位置存放,并分规格堆放整齐、稳固、做到一头齐,一条线。

4、施工技术准备

1)、坐标点的引入

项目经理部进场后应由勘察院将建筑的轴线桩引入施工现场,并且将城市水准点引入现场,以此水准点控制工程的标高。在土方开挖前,项目经理部将轴线桩引到建筑四周的地面上,作为施工轴线的投测点,轴线控制桩应作好保护。

2)、工程任务划分

合同总包范围:土建及安装。

3)、制定图纸会审、图纸交底制度

在正式施工前,项目经理部、工程部和机电安装部的人员核对图纸,参加由业主组织的图纸会审、图纸交底会,会中确定的内容形成第一份施工文件,确保工程顺利开始。

4)、编制施工组织设计,制定月、旬、周的进度计划及主要分项的作业施工方案。

六、主要施工方法

6.1、工程测量

根据建设单位提供的施工总平面图及建筑红线,进行放线校正,校核是否位移,并写出施工现场轴线控制网,发现轴线是否位移,要通知建设单位及设计人员进行现场处理。

1、施工测量的组织与管理

1)、本工程的测量工作任务重,拟调配两名专职测量放线员,专门负责本工程的测量放线工作,并配备两位工程师配合测量放线。

2)、用于本工程测量仪器有水准仪、经纬仪、塔尺、卷尺,所用的仪器,量具均应在计量部门检定,并在施工全过程中保持完好状态。

3)、遵守先整体后局部的测量程序:即先测设精度较高的整体控制网,再以控制网为依据进行各局部的定位、放线。

4)、必须严格审核测量起始依据(设计图纸、文件、测量起始点位、数据等)的正确性,坚持测量作业技术复核制度。

5)、定位、放线工作必须自检、互检合格,由有关主管部门验线的工作制度。此外,还应执行安全、保密等有关规定。用好、管好设计图纸与有关资料,观测时要做好原始记录,测后要保护好桩位。

2、本工程±0.000以上结构施工,采用外控法施测。在建筑物主要控制轴线上设置控制网,用经纬仪控制向上传递。

根据现场水准点,在首层的墙上标出首层的正50cm线,并至少在现场根据实际情况设置四个基准50cm线标高,以上各层的标高控制均应以此点为基准,用50m钢尺向上引测。

楼层50cm线的抄测,每层均应向上引测三点,三个引测点的标高校核无误后再进行操测。

屋面、楼地面等应首先测量各向实际坡度是否符合设计要求,并确定实际偏差,在四周测出水平控制线。

3、沉降观测

1)、在现场建立坚实稳固、便于观测的专用基准点,基准点埋设在变形区以外,距建筑物30m以外。

2)、在建筑物上设置沉降观测点,沉降观测中每次应记录测时建筑物的荷载变化,气象情况与施工条件的变化。

3)、建筑物在施工期间,每上升一层观测一次,基础混凝土浇筑,回填土等增加大荷载后应进行观测;周围大量积水、挖方、降水、暴雨后应观测;出现不均匀沉降时,应视情况增加观测次数。

4)、结构封顶至工程竣工期间若均匀沉降连续三个月内,平均沉降不超过1mm时,每三个月观测一次,连续二次每三个月平均沉降量不超过2mm时,每六个月观测一次。

5)、外界发生剧烈振动时应及时观测。

6)、交工前观测一次。

7)、交工后建设单位应每六个月观测一次,直至基本稳定为止。

沉降观测仪器应达到二等以上测量精度要求,故采用铟钢水准尺及J6水准仪并装配有FSI-1光学平板测微器。

4、测量验收工作

1)、验线的依据应原始、正确、有效,主要依据是设计图纸、变更洽商与起始点位(水准1点、验线桩)。

2)、验线用的仪器与钢尺必须按公司质量体系文件有关规定进行验校。

3)、验线的精度要求不低于原测量放线精度,验线成果与原放线成果之间的误差要符合要求。

6.2、基础工程

1、土方开挖

1)、计划采用人工配合反铲挖掘机开挖。场地较小,采用自卸汽车外运土方。

2)、挖土顺序从南向北依次开挖,根据现场布置的道路情况、土质、水位情况编制土方开挖方案,设计汽车坡道,决定挖土顺序,堆土、弃土方法及路线等。

3)、土方开挖前应对建筑物位置原打桩的标准轴线桩、水平桩及灰线尺寸进行复核,并请有关部门进行现场验收。

4)、基底开挖应随机设水平标准桩,严格控制基底的标高,标桩间距应≤3m,以防止基底超挖。

5)、夜间施工时,施工现场应有足够照明设施,在危险地段设置明显的警示标志和护栏。

6)、对施工放线时留设的标高或轴线桩,挖运土时不得碰撞,并应随时复测,检查其可靠性。

7)、机械挖土应注意的质量问题:

(1)基底超挖:开挖基坑不得超过基础垫层底标高。如个别地方需超挖时,其处理方法应取得设计单位的同意,不得私自处理。

(2)基底保护:基坑开挖后应尽量减少对基土的扰动,如遇基础不能及时施工时,可在基础底标高以上预留30㎝土层不挖,待做基础时再挖。

(3)施工顺序:应严格按施工方案规定的施工顺序进行土方开挖施工,应注意宜先从低处开挖,分层、分段依次进行,形成一定坡度,以利排水。

2、土方回填

该工程回填土工程量不大,但质量要求高,应严格把住质量关,防止将来地面下沉、开裂。

1)、填土方法

(1)可从多个地方开始逐个回填,回填时用手推车送土(或小翻斗车),以人工用铁锹等工具进行回填。

(2)大面积人工回填用打夯机夯实,每层铺上厚度为200~250mm,每层压实遍数为3~4遍。

(3)填土压实应控制土的含水率在最优含水量范围内,土料含水量一般以手握成团,落地开花为宜。当土料含水量过大,可采取翻松晾干、风干、换土回填、掺入干土或其他吸水材料等措施,如土料过干,则洒水湿润,增加压实遍数,或使用大功率压实机械等措施。

(4)填方应从最低处开始,由下向上水平分层铺填碾压(或夯实)。

(5)填土区如有地下水或滞水时,应在四周设排水沟和集水井,将水位降低。

(6)已填好的土如遭水浸,应把稀泥铲除后,方能进行下道工序。

(7)填方区应保持一定横坡,或中间稍高,两边稍低,以利排水,当天填土应在当天压实。

6.3、主体工程

1、钢筋工程

1)、材质控制

钢筋进场时,应按现行国家标准《钢筋混凝土用热轧带肋钢筋》等规定缺陷取试件作力学性能检验,其质量必须符合有关标准的规定。

各种规格型号的钢筋必须采用合格供应商花名册中规定的厂家产品,且必须具有产品出厂合格证,并按规范规定批量取样复检合格后方能使用。无合格证或复检不合格的钢筋严禁进入施工现场。

2)、钢筋位置、标高控制

钢筋安装的位置控制采取“四复核两固定”方法,确保构造柱、楼梯、梁板钢筋轴线位置和标高准确。

3)、施工工艺

(1)钢筋制作

①钢筋加工制作时,要将钢筋加工表与设计图复核,检查下料表是否有误或遗漏,对每种钢筋要按下料表检查是否达到要求,经过这两道检查后,再按下料表放样,试制合格后方可成批制作,加工好的钢筋要挂牌堆放整齐有序。

②钢筋表面应洁净,粘着的油污、泥土、浮锈等在使用前必须清理干净,Φ6、Φ8可结合冷拉工艺除锈。

③钢筋调直,用机械调直。经调直后的钢筋不得有局部弯曲、死弯、小波浪形,其表面伤痕不应使钢筋截面减小5%。

④钢筋切断应根据钢筋号、直径、长度和数量,长短搭配,先断长料后断短料,尽量减少和缩短钢筋短头,以节约钢材。

⑤钢筋下料长度应根据构件尺寸、混凝土保护层厚度、钢筋弯曲调整值和弯钩增加长度等规定综合考虑。

(2)钢筋绑扎与安装

钢筋绑扎前先认真熟悉图纸,检查配料表与图纸,设计是否有出入,仔细检查成品尺寸、形状是否与下料表相符,核对无误后方可进行绑扎。

①基础梁钢筋

A、按弹出的钢筋位置线,先铺底板下层钢筋。根据底板受力情况,决定下层钢筋哪个方向钢筋在下面,一般情况下先铺短向钢筋,再铺长向钢筋。

B、钢筋绑扎时,靠近外围两行的相交点每点都绑扎,中间部分的相交点可相隔交错绑扎,双向受力的钢筋必须将钢筋交叉点全部绑扎。如采用一面顺扣应交错变换方向,也可采用八字扣,但必须保证钢筋不位移。

C、摆放混凝土保护层用砂浆垫块,垫块厚度等于保护层厚度,按每1m左右距离梅花型摆放。如板较厚或基础梁用钢量较大,摆放距离可缩小,甚至砂浆垫块可改用铁块代替。

D、基础梁可分段绑扎成型,然后安装就位,或根据梁位置线就地绑扎成型。

②柱钢筋

柱竖向钢筋直径小于22mm时采用电渣压力焊焊接,大于22mm时采用套管机械连接。

A、竖向钢筋的弯钩应朝向柱心,角部钢筋的弯钩平面与模板面夹角,对矩形柱应为45°角,截面小的柱,用插入振动器时,弯钩和模板所成的角度不小于15o。

B、箍筋的接头应交错排列垂直放置;箍筋转角与竖向钢筋交叉点均应扎牢(箍筋平直部分与竖向钢筋交叉点可每隔一根互成梅花式扎牢)。绑扎箍筋时,铁线扣要相互成八字形绑扎。

C、柱筋绑扎时应吊线控制垂直度,并严格控制主筋间距。柱筋搭接处的箍筋及柱立筋应满扎,其余可梅花点绑扎。

D、下层柱的竖向钢筋露出楼面部分,宜用工具或柱箍将其收进一个柱筋直径,以利上层柱的钢筋搭接,并与上层梁板筋焊接当上下层柱截面有变化时,其下层柱钢筋的露出部分,必须在绑扎梁钢筋之前,先行收分准确。

2、模板工程

1)、模板工程质量标准

质量标准:按照国家验收标准

模板垂直度为:±3mm;表面平整度为:±2mm;中心线位移:±5mm;标高为:+2、-5mm。

2)、主体模板及支撑体系的选择

本工程主体结构模板体系选择:根据工程特点和工期需要,本工程模板采用钢木组合模板,三套模板周转使用。

3)、模板施工操作要点

施工前,应对有关操作人员进行培训及安全技术交底,并进行调试组装,明确质量标准及各项要求。

(1)模板安装前,模板、楞木、支撑件等应逐件检查,不符合质量标准的不投入使用。

(2)安装时,施工管理人员到位,必须按模板设计图及规定的支模顺序进行安装。

(3)施工技术人员必须对早拆顶面标高进行复核。

(4)多层楼面上下层模板的支撑柱杆应安装在同一条垂直线上。

(5)在土地面上支模时,应进行计算,支撑柱下必须铺设通长垫板。

(6)拆除模板及支撑必须由施工技术人员书面通知,必须严格按照拆模顺序进行,并严禁硬砸硬撬,以防损坏混凝土和模板。

(7)模板支撑拆下后,应进行清理保养,再运至下一工作面。

4)、模板施工方法

(1)柱模板施工工艺流程

抄平放线→在柱模控制线→焊定位筋→施工缝清理→钢筋隐检→工序交接→模板拼装→模板加固支撑→校正→模板验收→浇筑混凝土→拆模→养护

(2)梁板支模

①梁模采用覆塑竹胶板拼装,梁板模安装考虑支设相互独立,以便拆模时楼板模板可以先拆,当梁混凝土强度达到要求时后拆。

②根据弹在楼层柱上的标高线和轴线,严格控制梁底标高和梁中线位置。

③根据结合平面布置板模支撑杆间距按1200×1200布置,每次脱模后,应立即用铲刀、钢丝刷等将粘在模板上的附着物清除干净,以使混凝土构件表面平整,模板交接处用胶带粘贴,以防漏浆。

5)、模板验收

建立模板三级验收制度,即班组自检,工长检验、质检安全人员专检,认真做好轴线位置、垂直度、平整度、标高、模板支撑刚度和整体稳定性的检查验收。

6)、拆模措施

(1)侧模(柱、梁)在混凝土强度能保证表面及棱角不受损后方能拆除,一般在浇混凝土后18~24小时后。

(2)底模拆模时按《混凝土结构工程施工及验收规范》执行,梁、板混凝土强度达75%时拆模。

(3)拆模申请制度

拆模由工程技术组长亲自指挥,任何人无权下令拆模。拆模按以下程序执行:当满足规范要求后,由工长向项目技术组提出拆模申请报告,技术组审批后由工长向班组下令拆模;项目质检员负责监督拆模,以免发生错误操作;楼面有特殊施工荷载处,拆模时梁下施加回顶,先回顶后再拆模,回顶方案视实际情况而定。

7)、模板通病现象及防治措施

(1)梁模板通病现象

梁身不平直,梁底不平及下挠,梁侧模炸模,局部模板嵌入柱梁间、拆除困难。

防治措施:

①支模时应遵守边模包底模的原则,梁模与柱模连接处,下料尺寸一般应略为缩短。

②梁测模必须有压脚板、斜撑、拉线通直后将梁侧钉固,梁底模板按规定起拱。

③混凝土浇筑前,模板应充分用水浇透。

(2)柱模板通病现象

炸模、断面尺寸鼓出、漏浆,或蜂窝麻面、偏斜、柱身扭曲。

防治措施:

①根据规定的柱箍间距要求钉牢固。

②成排柱模支模时,应先立两端柱模,校直与复核位置无误后,顶部拉通长线,再立中间柱模。

③四周斜撑要牢固。

(3)板模板通病现象

板中部下挠,板底混凝土面不平。

防治措施:

①楼板模板厚度要一致,搁栅木料要有足够的强度和刚度,搁栅面要平整。

②支顶要符合规定的保证项目要求。

③板模按规定起拱。

3、砌体工程

砌体工程以瓦工为主,用移动平台内架砌筑,不留脚手架孔。砌前用水浇砖。砌首尾墙前,先撂底排砖,抄平立皮数杆,双面挂线。在砌筑过程中,应避免游丁走缝和错缝,保证灰缝平直,厚度均匀,预留洞槽和墙体锚拉筋按图及洞口尺寸,墙砌至梁底,最上一皮要砌条砖,以便梁模板贴墙面,防止跑模,外墙大角同时砌筑,内外墙接槎每步留斜槎到顶。

1)、材料

(1)砌块

本工程±0.000以下采用MU15蒸压灰砂多孔砖,±0.000以上采用加气混凝土砌块。

(2)水泥

品种与标号应根据砌体部位及所处环境选择,一般采用R32.5号普通硅酸盐水泥或矿渣硅酸盐水泥,应有出厂合格证明和试验报告方可使用,不同品种的水泥不得混合使用。

(3)砂

宜采用中砂,基础砌体采用M10水泥砂浆砌筑,±0.000以上采用M10混合砂浆砌筑。配制水泥砂浆或水泥混合砂浆的强度等级大于M5,砂的含泥量不应超过5%。

2)、操作工艺

拌制砂浆:

砂浆采用机械拌合,手推车上料,磅称计量,材料运输主要采用运输车或斗车,提升机垂直运输,人工手推车作水平运输。

(1)根据试验提供的砂浆配合比进行配料称量,水泥配料精确度应控制在2%以内,砂、石灰膏等配料精确度控制在±5%以内。

(2)砂浆应采用机械拌合,投料顺序应先投砂、水泥、掺合料后加水。拌和时间自投料完毕算起,不得少于90秒。

(3)砂浆应随拌随用,水泥砂浆和混合砂浆必须分别在拌成后1小时和2小时内使用完毕(具体情况视气温而定)。

(4)组砌方法

①砖墙的转角处和交接处应同时砌筑,均应错缝搭接,所有填充墙在互相连接、转角处及与混凝土墙连接处均应沿墙高设置2Φ6@500通长拉结筋,伸入墙体长度不小于墙体长度的1/5,并不得小于700mm。对不能同时砌筑而又必须留置的间断处应砌成斜搓。如断处留斜搓确有困难时,除转角处外,也可留直搓,但必须做成阳搓,并加设拉结筋,拉结筋的数量按每12cm墙厚原放置一根直径6mm的钢筋,间距沿墙高不得超过50cm,埋入长度从墙的留搓处算起,每边均不应小于50cm,未端应有90°弯钩。

②隔墙和填充墙的顶面与上部结构接触处用侧砖或立砖斜砌挤紧。

(5)砖墙砌筑:

施工顺序:弹划平面线→检查柱、墙上的预留连结筋,遗留的必须补齐→砌筑→安装或现浇门窗过梁→顶部砌体。

①排砖撂底:一般外墙第一皮砖撂底时,横墙应排丁砖,前后纵墙应排顺砖,根据已弹出的窗门洞位置墨线,核对门窗间墙、附墙柱(垛)的长度尺寸是否符合排砖模,如若不合模数时,则要考虑好砍砖及排放的计划。所砍的砖或丁砖应排在窗口中间、附墙柱(垛)旁或其他不明显的部位。

②选砖:选择棱角整齐、无弯曲裂纹、规格基本一致的砖。

③盘角:砌墙前应先盘角,每次盘角砌筑的砖墙角度不要超过五皮,并应及时进行吊靠,如发现偏差及时修整。盘角时要仔细对照皮数杆的砖层和标高,控制好灰缝大小水平灰缝均匀一致。每次盘角砌筑后应检查,平整和垂直完全符合要求后才可以挂线砌墙。

④挂线:砌筑一砖厚及以下者,采用单面挂线;砌筑一砖半厚及以上者,必须双层挂线。如果长墙几个人同时砌筑共用一根通线,中间应设几个支线点;小线要拉紧平直,每皮砖都要穿线看平,使水平缝均匀一致,平直通顺。

⑤木砖预埋:木砖应经防腐处理,预埋时小头在外,大头在内,数量按洞口高度确定;洞口高度在1.2m以内者,每边放2块,高度在2~3m者每边放4块,预埋木砖的部位一般在洞口上下四皮砖处开始,中间均匀分布。门窗洞口考虑预留后安装门窗框,要注意门窗洞口宽度及标高符合设计要求。

4、混凝土工程

1)、原材料控制

本工程位于淮滨县,为了保证施工进度,混凝土采用商品混凝土。混凝土所用砂、石、水泥等各种原材料必须有产品出厂合格证,并按规范规定批量取样检验,合格后方可使用,无出厂合格证或检验不合格的材料,严禁进入施工现场。

2)、混凝土浇筑

每个不同构件在每次浇混凝土前,由工程技术组根据设计、规范要求和工程施工条件制定合理的浇捣方案,浇捣方案以书面形式发放给所有参加施工人员,并召开技术和安全交底会议。

(1)混凝土等级:基础垫层为C15,其余混凝土强度等级均为C25。

(2)浇筑前准备

①浇筑前应对模板浇水湿润,墙、柱模板的清扫口应在清除杂物及积水后再封闭。

②浇筑竖向结构混凝土时,如浇筑高度超过3m时,应采用串筒、导管、溜槽或在模板侧面开门子洞。

③浇筑混凝土时应分段分层进行,每层浇筑高度应根据结构特点、钢筋疏密决定。一般分层高度为插入式振动器作用部分长度的1.25倍,最大不超过500mm,平板振动器的分层厚度为200mm。

④使用插入式振动器应快插慢拔,插点要均匀排列,逐点移动,按顺序进行,不得遗漏,做到均匀振实。移动间距不大于振动棒作用半径的1.5倍(一般为300~400mm),振捣上一层时应插入下层混凝土面50mm,以消除两层间的接缝。平板振动器的移动间距应能保证振动器的平板覆盖已振实部分边缘。

⑤浇筑混凝土应连续进行。如必须间歇,其间歇时间应尽量缩短。并应在前层混凝土初凝之前,将次层混凝土浇筑完毕。间歇的最长时间应按所有水泥品种及混凝土初凝条件确定一般超过2小时应按施工缝处理。

⑥浇筑混凝土时应派专人经常观察模板钢筋、预留孔洞、预埋件、插筋等有无位移变形或堵塞情况,发现问题应立即停止浇灌,并应在已浇筑的混凝土上初凝前修整完毕。

(3)柱混凝土浇筑

①柱浇筑前,或新浇混凝土与下层混凝土结合处,应在底面上均匀浇筑50mm厚与混凝土配比相同的水泥砂浆,砂浆应用铁铲入模,不应用料斗直接倒入模内。

②柱混凝土应分层浇筑振捣,每层浇筑厚度控制在500mm左右。混凝土下料点应分散布置循环推进,连续进行。

(4)梁、板混凝土浇筑

①楼面浇筑的虚铺厚度应略大于板厚,用平板振动器垂直浇筑方向来回振捣,注意不断用移动标志或插杆检查以控制混凝土板厚度。振捣完毕,用刮尺或拖板抹平表面。

②在浇筑与柱连成整体的梁和板时,应在柱和墙浇筑完毕后停歇1~1.5小时,使其获得初步沉实,再继续浇筑。

(5)楼梯混凝土浇筑

①楼梯段混凝土自下而上浇筑。由于楼梯踏步采用封闭式模板,故在踏步面开门子洞。底板混凝土与踏步混凝土一起浇筑,不断连续向上推进。

②楼梯混凝土宜连续浇筑完成。

③施工缝位置:根据结构情况可设于楼梯平台板跨中或楼梯段1/3范围内。

3)、混凝土的养护

(1)混凝土浇筑完毕后,应在12小时以内加以覆盖,并浇水养护。

(2)混凝土浇水养护时间不得小于7d,对掺用缓凝型外加剂或有抗渗要求的混凝土不得小于14天。在混凝土强度达到1.2MPa之前,不得在其上踩踏或施工振动,柱、墙带模养护2天以上,拆模后,用棉布包住,浇水在棉花布上养护,以确保立面结构表面保持湿润状态。

(3)每日浇水次数应能保持混凝土处于足够的润湿状态,混凝土养护用水应与拌制用水相同。当日平均气温低于5℃时不得浇水。

(4)混凝土浇筑完毕,应按施工技术方案及时采取有效的养护措施。

(5)应在浇筑完毕后的12h以内对混凝土加以覆盖并保温养护。

(6)混凝土强度达到1.2N/mm2前,不得在其上踩踏或安装模板及支架。

(7)凡屋面结构、浴厕卫生间以及要求有排水坡度的地方,现浇楼面均需按建筑平面图所示排水要求制作或铺放,卫生间室内地面完成标高之最高点必须低于相邻廊、室地面。

4)、混凝土工程的通病防治

(1)蜂窝

产生原因:振捣不实或漏振;模板缝隙过大导致水泥浆流失,钢筋较密或石子相应过大。

预防措施:按规定使用和移动振动器。中途停歇后再浇捣时,新旧接缝范围要小心振捣。模板安装前应清理模板表面及模板拼缝处的粘浆,才能使接缝严密。若接缝宽度超过2.5mm应予填封,梁筋过密时应选择相应的石子粒径。

(2)露筋

产生原因:主筋保护层垫块不足,导致钢筋紧贴模板;振捣不实。

预防措施:钢筋垫块厚度要符合设计规定的保护层厚度;垫块放置间距适当,钢筋直径较小时垫块间距宜密些,使钢筋下垂挠度减少;使用振动器必须待混凝土中气泡完全排除后再移动。

(3)麻面

产生原因:模板表面不光滑;模板湿润不够;漏涂隔离剂。

预防措施;模板应平整光滑,安装前要把粘浆清除干净,并满涂隔离剂,浇捣前对模板要浇水湿润。

(4)孔洞

产生原因:在钢筋较密的部位,混凝土被卡住或漏振。

预防措施:对钢筋较密的部位(如梁柱接头)应分次下料,缩小分层振捣的厚度;按照规程使用振动器。

(5)缝隙及夹渣

产生原因:施工缝没有按规定进行清理和浇浆,特别是柱头和梯板脚。

预防措施:浇注前对柱头、施工缝、梯板脚等部位重新检查,清理杂物、泥沙、木屑。

(6)柱底部缺陷(烂脚)

产生原因:模板下口缝隙不严密,导致漏水泥浆;或浇筑前没有先浇灌足够50mm厚以上水泥砂浆。

预防措施:模板缝隙宽度超过2.5mm应予以填塞严密,特别防止侧板吊脚;浇注混凝土前先浇足50~100mm厚的同配合比水泥砂浆。

(7)梁柱结点处(接头)断面尺寸偏差过大

产生原因:柱头模板刚度差,或把安装柱头模板放在楼层模板安装的最后阶殷,缺乏质量控制和监督。

预防措施:安装梁板模板前,先安装梁柱接头模板,并检查其断面尺寸、垂直度、刚度,符合要求才允许接驳梁模板。

(8)楼板表面平整度差

产生原因:振捣后没有用拖板、刮尺抹平;跌级和斜水部位没有符合尺寸的模具定位;混凝土未达终凝就在上面行人和操作。

预防措施:浇捣楼面应提倡使用拖板或刮尺抹平,跌级要使用平直、厚度符合要求和模具定位;混凝土达到1.2mpa后才允许在混凝土面上操作。

(9)混凝土表面不规则裂缝

产生原因:一般是淋水保养不及时,湿润不足,水分蒸发过快,没有执行有关规定。

预防措施:混凝土终凝后立即进行淋水保养;高温或干燥天气要加麻袋草袋等覆盖,保持构件有较久的湿润时间。厚大构件参照大体积混凝土施工的有关规定。

(10)缺棱掉角

产生原因:投料不准确,搅拌不均匀,出现局部强度低;或拆模板过早,拆模板方法不当。

预防措施:指定专人监控投料,投料计量准确;搅拌时间要足够;拆模应在混凝土强度能保证其表面及棱角不应在拆除模板而受损坏时方能拆除。拆除时对构件棱角应予以保护。

(11)钢筋保护层垫块脆裂

产生原因:垫块强度低于构件强度;沉置钢筋笼时冲力过大。

预防措施:垫块的强度不得低于构件强度,并能抵御钢筋放置时的冲击力;当承托上人的梁钢筋时,垫块中应加钢筋或铁丝增强;垫块制作完应浇水养护。

(12)混凝土缺陷的处理

①麻面:先用清水对表面冲刷干净后用1:2或1:2.5水泥砂浆抹平。

②蜂窝、露筋:先凿除孔洞周围疏松软弱的混凝土,然后用压力水或钢丝刷洗刷干净,对小的蜂窝孔洞用1:2或1:2.5水泥砂浆抹平压实,对大的蜂窝露筋按孔洞处理。

③孔洞:凿去疏松软弱的混凝土,用压力水或钢丝刷洗刷干净,支模后,用高标号混凝土捣实,面涂纯水环氧水泥浆进行封闭处理;裂缝较严重时,可用埋管压力灌浆。

④严禁踩踏钢筋,确保钢筋配置符合设计要求。

⑤预拌混凝土生产及运输

A、遇有雨水影响砂、石含水率,应及时通知试验员进行测检,并调整配合比。

B、经常检查掺合料、外加剂的自动计量系统的工作状态是否正常。

C、混凝土运输车或斗车卸料前应检查拌车内拌合物是否搅拌均匀。

D、混凝土运输车或斗车在现场交货地点抽检的坍落度超过允许偏差值时应及时处理。

E、混凝土运输车或斗车在运输过程要求按规定的缓凝时间运到指定地方。

F、搅拌站对运输车或斗车、装料、搅拌、卸料等不同要求进行动转。

G、运输车或斗车开工前要用水浇湿,并在装料前清理干净。

6.4、脚手架工程

该工程外架结构施工采用外双排脚手架,装饰施工采用扣件式钢管双排脚手架,室内抹灰等装饰采用活动脚手架。

1、材料要求:立杆长4.0~6.0m,大横杆长4.0~6.0m,小横杆长2.1~2.3m,十字撑长4.0~6.0m,抛撑长4.0~6.0m。

2、构造要求:

1)、立杆纵向间距不大于2m,横向间距1.5m,里排间距离墙0.3m,相邻立杆接头要错开,对接用一字扣连接,立杆垂直的偏差不得大于架高的1/200。

2)、大横杆间距1.8米,接头要错开,用“十字”扣连接,大横杆与立杆用“十字”扣连接,每一面架内的纵向水平高低,不应相差一皮普通砖厚。

3)、小横杆间距不大于1.5米,端头离墙10厘米,小横杆与大横杆用十字扣连接,三步以上小横杆加长与墙拉结。

4)、十字撑调协在脚手架的转角,端头及沿纵向每隔30厘米处,每档十字撑占两个跨间,最小一对落地,从底到顶连续布置,钢筋与地面呈45-60夹角用四个转扣连接。

5)、脚手架每层四个跨间设置一道边连墙杆,做法:用双股8号铁丝绕过立杆与大横杆的连接点与柱上预埋钢筋环拉结,并用连墙杆顶柱墙,亦可用小横杆加长与柱连接。

6.5、装饰工程

1、一般抹灰

1)、砂浆品种应按设计要求选用。

2)、砂浆配合比和稠度等应经检查合格后方可使用。

3)、不同结构材料相接处表面抹灰,应先铺钉金属网,并绷紧牢固。金属网与各基体的搭接宽度不应小于100mm。

4)、抹灰前,砖石、混凝土等基体表面的灰尘、污垢和油渍等杂物应清除干净,并提前两天浇水湿润,每天不少于两次。

5)、抹灰前,应检查门窗框位置是否正确,与墙体连接是否牢固,连接处的缝隙应用水泥砂浆或水泥混合砂浆(加少量麻刀)分层嵌填密实,外墙门窗框靠墙部位用聚氨酯发泡材料填充,并用防水密封膏嵌填密实。

6)、室内墙面、柱面和门洞口的阳角,宜用1:2水泥砂浆做护角,其高度不应低于2m,每侧宽度不应小于50mm。

7)、室内抹灰工程,应在上下水管道安装后进行,抹灰前必须将管道穿越的墙洞和楼板填嵌密实,抹灰面接槎应顺平。

8)、各种砂浆的抹灰层在凝结前应防止块干、水冲、撞击和振动,凝结后应采取措施防止沾污和损坏。

9)、水泥砂浆抹灰层应在湿润的条件下养护。

10)、冬期施工,抹灰砂浆应采取保温措施,涂抹时,砂浆的温度不宜低于5℃。

注意事项:

外墙抹灰时,应先将预留洞及外墙螺杆孔洞填补密实。

抹灰工作完毕后,应将门窗框、墙面上的灰将及落地灰及时清扫干净,做到场地整洁,文明施工。

2、乳胶漆墙面

1)、乳胶漆及涂料工程施工时基层含水率不宜大于8%。

2)、乳胶漆及涂料干燥前,应防止雨淋、尘土沾污和热空气的侵袭。

3)、乳胶漆及涂料工程使用的腻子应坚实牢固,不得粉化、起皮和裂纹。腻子干燥后应打磨平整光滑,并清理干净。

4)、乳胶漆及涂料的工作粘度和稠度必须加以控制,使其在乳胶漆施涂时不流坠,不显刷纹,施涂过程中不得任意稀释。

3、面砖墙面

1)、镶贴要点:底子灰抹完后,一般养护1-2天方可镶贴面砖。

2)、根据设计要求,统一弹线分格、排面砖,一般要求横缝与窗台一平。如按整块分格,可采取调整面砖缝大小解决,一般宜控制在2-3mm,根据弹线分格在底子灰上从上到下弹上若干水平线,竖向要求阳角窗口都是整块,并在底子灰上弹上垂直线。阳角处的面砖应将拼缝留在侧边。

3)、做灰饼,找出墙面、柱面、门窗套等横竖标准,阳角外要双面排直,灰饼间距不应大于1.5m。

4)、镶贴时分层分段进行,每层自下而上,总体自上而下进行,先做阴阳角基准点,然后以此为依据拉通线进行大面积施工,应做好垂直度和平整度控制。镶贴时,在面砖背后满铺粘结砂浆,镶贴后,用小铲把轻轻敲击,使之与基层粘结牢固,并用靠尺方尺随时找平找方,贴完一皮后须将砖上口灰刮平,每日下班前须清理干净。镶贴完成一定流水段后,随即用纱布擦拭干净。

5)在面砖镶贴完成有一定强度后,立即用1:1水泥砂浆勾缝。

注意事项:由于墙体材料不同,底层粉刷时应尽可能同时施工。

4、涂料外墙面

1)、材料要求

水泥:一般采用强度等级为32.5或42.5普通硅酸盐水泥和矿渣硅酸盐水泥。水泥应有出厂合格证书及性能检测报告。白水泥应根据设计要求选用。

水泥进场需核查其品种、规格、强度等级、出场日期等,并进行外观检查,做好进场验收记录。水泥进场后应对其凝结时间、安定性和抗压强度进行复验。

当水泥出厂超过3个月时应按试验结果使用。

仿石涂料:是采用各种颜色及一定细度的天然大理石粉粒调配而成的,亦可采用专业生产商成品。

2)、主要机具

一般应备用有空压机1~2台,耐压胶管及接头、喷斗等。并用压浆罐,输浆胶管,胶管接头,喷枪。分格胶条,根据设计要求提前制做备用。

3)、作业条件

(1)门窗必须按设计位置及标高安装完毕,并检查是否安装牢固,洞口四周缝隙堵实。高层建筑金属门窗防雷接地验收完毕。

(2)墙面基层及防水节点应处理完毕,完成雨水管卡、设备穿墙管等安装预埋工作,并将洞口用水泥砂浆抹平、堵实、晾干。

(3)脚手架应选用双排外架子或活动吊篮,墙面不得留设脚手眼;脚手架距墙间隙应满足安全规范的要求,同时宜留出施工操作空间,脚手架的每步高度最好与外墙分格相适应。

(4)进行饰面施工前,对所采用的机械如空压机等应提前接好电源及高压气管,并应提前试机备用。

(5)根据设计需要,提前做好样板,并经鉴定合格后,方可大面积施工。

(6)对不进行饰面的部位应进行遮挡,提前准备好遮挡板。

(7)仿石涂料施工时,现场的温度不得低于5℃。

5、乳胶漆顶棚

1)、待顶棚混合砂浆抹灰施工完毕,经验收合格后,方可进行乳胶漆施工。

2)、乳胶漆涂料顶棚

基层处理→满批腻子→刷涂乳胶漆

(1)、基层处理

清除已验收合格基层墙面上的浮灰、油污等杂物。

(2)、满批腻子

在基层处理好后,满批腻子,等第一遍腻子完全干燥打磨后,再进行第二遍批腻子,依次类推,批完三遍腻子。

(3)、刷涂乳胶漆三遍

在腻子批好后,刷涂第一遍乳胶漆,等第一遍完全干燥后,再进行第二遍乳胶漆的刷涂,依次类推,刷完三遍乳胶漆。

3)、成品保护

(1)、吊顶装饰施工完毕,后续工程施工应采取保护措施,以防污染。

(2)、吊顶施工完毕后,不得随意剔凿,严禁开大洞,如需安装设备,应用电钻打孔;装饰板面附近不得进行电焊作业,并严禁撞击,以防损坏。

(3)、管道阀门部位应预留检查孔,以防上下人损伤吊顶板;吊顶内的水管等,在安装面板之前应试水试压完毕,以防漏水污损吊顶面板。

6.6、楼地面工程

1、刷素水泥浆结合层:宜刷水灰比0.4~0.5的素水泥浆,也可在基层上均匀洒水湿润后,再撒水泥粉,用竹扫帚均匀涂刷,随刷随做面层,并控制一次涂刷面积不宜过大。

2、打灰饼、冲筋:根据+1m水平线,在地面四周做灰饼,然后拉线打中间灰饼再用干硬性水泥砂浆做软筋,软筋间距约1.5m左右。在有地漏和坡度要求的地面,应按设计要求做泛水和坡度,对于面积较大的地面,则应用水准仪测出面层平均厚度然后边测标高边做灰饼。

3、水泥砂浆地面操作

(1)混凝土基层通常用干硬性水泥砂浆,砂浆外表湿润松散、手握成团、不泌水分为准。水泥焦渣基层可用一般水泥砂浆。水泥砂浆配比为1:2(水泥:砂),如用32.5R水泥则用1:2.5的配比。操作时先在两冲筋之间均匀地铺上砂浆,比冲筋面略高,然后用刮尺以冲筋为准刮平、拍实,待表面水分稍干后(禁止用水泥粉吸水催干),用木抹子打磨,要求把砂眼、凹坑、脚印打磨掉,操作人员在操作半径内打磨完后进行抹光,对于拉毛地面不用压光。向后退着操作,在水泥砂浆初凝前完成。

(2)第二遍压光:在水泥浆初凝前,即可用铁抹子压抹第二遍(此时人站在上面有脚印但不下陷、要用水泥袋纸包裹平整木板垫脚),要求不漏压,做到压光;凹坑、砂眼和踩的脚印都要填补压平。

(3)第三遍压光:在水泥砂浆终凝前,此时人踩上去有细微脚印,当拭抹无抹纹时,即可用灰匙抹压第三遍,压时用劲稍大一些,把第二遍压光时留下的抹纹、细孔等抹平,达到压平、压实、压光。

(4)养护:水泥砂浆完工后,第二天要及时浇水养护,使用矿渣水泥时尤应注意加强养护。必要时可蓄水养护,养护时间宜不少于7天。

施工工艺流程:

基层清理→找平、弹线→试拼编号→铺设→擦缝→养护→清洁上蜡

1、基层清理:检查基层平整度和标高是否符合设计要求,偏差较大的应事先凿平修补清扫干净。

2、找平、弹线:用1:2.5水泥砂浆找平,做水平灰饼,弹线找中找方。

3、试拼编号:在铺设花岗石、地板砖之前,应对板材进行试拼、对色、拼花、编号等整理工作。

4、铺设

根据弹线应先铺若干条干线作为基准,起标筋作用。先由厅堂中线往两侧采取退步法铺设,然后向两边展开,最后收口。

铺设前应提前用水浸泡,凉干后使用。在铺设前应先在找平层上均匀刷一道素水泥浆,再用1:2.5干硬性水泥砂浆作粘结层,厚度约为20mm(根据试铺高度决定粘结层厚度),用木直尺找平,铺设板块,用橡皮锤敲击,既要达到铺设高度,又要使砂浆粘结层密实平整。如果有锤击空声,需揭板增添砂浆,做到平实为止。放板块时,刷水灰比为1:0.5的素水泥浆结合层一道,再放下板材,用锤轻轻敲击铺平。

5、擦缝:待铺设的花岗石及地砖干硬后,再用白水泥稠浆擦缝填缝,表面用干布或棉丝布擦试干净。

6、养护:待地面铺完后,面层铺盖一层塑料薄膜,减少砂浆在硬化过程中的水分蒸发,增强板材与砂浆的粘结牢固,保证地面的铺设质量。养护期一般3-5天,在养护期间应禁止踩踏、过车。

7、清洁上蜡:做好成品保护工作,在完工后做成品保护工作之前,做一次清洁和上蜡工作,最后交工前再做清洁上蜡。

6.7、防水工程

1、屋面防水工程

1)、屋面形式及材料选择:

本工程屋面为不上人平屋面、上人平屋面、不上人坡屋面,具体见图纸。

2)、施工方法

(1)屋面防水卷材的施工

①热熔铺贴卷材溢出焦油并随即刮封接口,做到线条平直、宽度均匀美观。

②转角处应做成圆弧,半径R:防水卷材R=100~150mm,SBS防水卷材R=50mm。

③防水卷材无空鼓、损伤、开裂现象。

④卷材封口宽度不小于10mm。

(2)屋面防水找平层

①铺设卷材的找平层可采用1:8水泥砂浆珍珠岩。

②找平层宜留设分格缝,缝宽20mm,并嵌填密封材料。

③分格缝应留设在板端缝处,采用水泥砂浆或细石混凝土时,纵横分格缝间距不宜大于6m;采用沥青砂浆时,不宜大于4m。

④屋面防水找平层表面平整允许偏差5mm,且无空鼓裂缝。

(3)屋面排气孔

屋面排气孔做到大小一致,外型美观。

(4)屋面排水系统

屋面排水沟,檐沟纵向流水坡度不应小于1%,水落口周边直径500mm范围内坡度不应小于5%,檐沟表面平整美观、线条顺直,流水畅通、无积水现象。

(5)屋面细部做法

屋面防水构造应遵守下列规定:压顶应做防水处理;也可在砖墙上留凹槽,卷材收头应压入凹槽内固定密封;凹槽距屋面找平层最低高度不应小于250mm,凹槽上部的墙体亦应做防水处理。坡屋面施工应注意坡度和坡屋面的防水渗水的处理。

2、卫生间防水工程施工

1)、施工顺序

墙面抹灰→竖向管道安装→地面堵洞找平→地面防水层施工→闭水试验→防水保护层。

2)、工作安排

本工程房间面积较多,工序多,直接影响施工进度,渗漏问题也时常发生,解决这一问题的关键是合理安排每道施工工序,且每道工序要认真细致,并做好成品保护工作,工序安排应按以上施工程序,并应提前安排墙面抹灰和竖向管道安装。

3)、施工要点:

(1)首先应根据地面坡度、地面做法厚度、基准线位置,确定好地漏、出水口顶面标高,安装地漏,出水口标高应低5-10mm。做防水前,所有竖向管道施工完毕,洞口应用细石混凝土堵严。禁止防水层做完后再凿洞,这是防水的第一道防线,管道根部滴水就是因为在防水层失效的情况下,管道根未堵严造成的,否则仅会出现潮湿现象。

(2)做找平层时,墙角泛水圆角半径应控制在20mm左右,不得半圆弧做得过大,否则将会影响墙面装饰,在管道根部套管,地漏出水口周围应留1cm宽的小槽,并找坡1%坡向地漏,待找平层干燥后用油膏填平。

(3)做完找平层,做附加层和聚氨酯防水涂膜。

①材料配制:按设计的配合比配合,用电动搅拌器搅拌3-5分钟,直至充分搅拌均匀。配好的聚氨酯防水涂料应在2h内使用完。

②穿过顶板的管根部,应在涂膜层大面积施工前做好增强涂层施工。

③检查加强部位附加层涂膜有无气孔、气泡,若无方即可进行第一层涂膜涂刷;涂刷第二层涂膜前用同样的方法进行检查,无问题后再进行涂刷。前后两次涂刷方向应相互垂直。

(4)试水:防水层做完后,必须试水。蓄水高度不小于20cm,堵塞点应设在地漏和出水口杯顶4cm以下,蓄水时间24小时以上。

6.8、水电安装工程

1、水、电、消防管道及配件安装

1)、施工顺序

预留、预埋→支、吊架制作安装→主管道安装→卫生器具(暖气片)安装→支管及阀门(仪表)安装→管道系统试压冲洗→保温→联动试车→交工验收。

2)、一般要求

管材、管件应购买优质产品,各种管材、电线、电缆及其配件品牌、规格型号等应符合甲方要求,材料性能必须符合国家技术鉴定文件要求,要提供产品合格证,并按规定抽检,经监理及甲方确认后方可使用,不合格产品一退还生产厂家或销售部门。

3)、施工方法

(1)管道预留孔洞的尺寸应符合图纸的要求;预埋件应固定牢靠,并校对坐标及标高。管道设备安装完毕后,用柔布清理、擦净杂物,安装中断或完毕的敞口处应及时封口。管道穿楼板、墙壁时,应加套管,各种套管严格按照具体的要求和有关的图纸、规范进行安装,施工前先逐级进行技术交底,同时配合土建班组对照施工图纸留准预留洞口和预埋件。

(2)管道的支、吊、托架

支、托、吊架应在管道安装之前,根据规范和图纸的要求确定标高,位置应正确,埋设应平整牢固,下水管必须按设计规定留坡度。

各类管道不得采用开口卡,应在转角部位和末端使用固定支架。管道及阀门内的污物要清理干净,阀门安装前应作单体试验。

UPVC排水立管每层需设两个支架,每个P型存水弯应有单独的吊架。管道穿过墙壁和楼板应预留管孔,安装时应与套管一起安装,安装在楼板内的套管其顶部高出装饰地面20㎜,卫生间内应高出装饰地面50㎜,套管底部应与楼板相平,套管与管道之间的缝隙应用阻燃密实材料和防水油膏填实,且端面应光滑。

排水管主立管及水平管均应做通球试验,通球球径不小于排水管道管径的2/3,通球率必须达到100%。

地漏的安装应平整、牢固,周边无渗漏,安装地漏的房间室内地坪应有1~2%坡度,坡向地漏,地漏的格栅板面应低于室内地坪5~10㎜,其水封高度不得小于50㎜(或下部加P型存水弯)。

雨水斗管的连接,应固定在屋面承重结构上,雨水斗边缘与屋面相接处应严密不渗漏连接管径当设计无要求时,不得小于100㎜。

2、电气安装

主要施工程序:

预留洞口、预埋线管→穿线→灯具、开关、插座安装→调试→联动调试→验收

施工方法及技术要求:

1)、预留预埋

施工前电工工长要认真熟悉图纸,了解、掌握各部位配线及照明器具规格、型号并进行详细的技术交底。施工人员必须具备电工专业知识并持有效操作证上岗。密切配合土建施工,做到预留、预埋一次到位,几何尺寸、位置准确无误。接线盒、开关、插座盒暗设于墙体内,面板待内粉完成后安装。

2)、PVC管暗配

PVC管口应平整光滑,管与管及箱盒等之间连接时应采用专用胶合剂,接口应牢固,进入箱盒的深度为管外径的1.1倍。

埋设PVC管在浇筑时须由专人跟班防护,防止机械损伤,避免管路堵塞。

3)、管内穿线与接线

管内穿线在建筑物的抹灰及地面工程结束后进行。在穿线前,应将管中的积水及杂物清除干净。

导线的分色:穿入管内的电线必须分色,为了保证安全和施工方便,线管管口至配电箱总开关的一段干线回路及各用电支路应按色标要求作标识。导线在管内不得有接头和扭结,其接头应在接线盒内连接,在导线出口处,应装护口保护导线,在不进入盒(箱)内的垂直管口,穿入导线后,应将管口作密封处理,铁制接线盒刷防锈漆两遍。

导线连接采用绞接法,绞接完后搪锡。搪锡在拼线4小时内完成,禁止用盐酸作清洁剂,应用焊锡膏。

4)、施工技术要点

(1)导线的绝缘与分色必须符合要求,相与相、相与零、相与地、零与地之间的绝缘电阻必须大于0.5兆欧,同一建筑物的电线绝缘导线颜色选择应一致,即保护地线(PE线)应是黄绿相间色,零线用淡蓝色;相线A相黄色、B相绿色、C相红色。

(2)导线的连接必须符合规范及工艺标准要求,接头必须在接线盒内,接线盒应采用阻燃材料,大小适当,导线与导线的连接方法宜采用绞接法并对导线绞接连接头处要进行搪锡,并进行双重包扎。

(3)开关必须控制相线,同一建筑物、构筑物的开关采用同一系列的产品,开关的通断位置应一致,操作灵活,接角处可靠,开关面板紧贴墙面,四周无缝隙,安装牢固,表面洁净,无碎裂划伤,装饰帽齐全,安装位置应便于操作。

(4)插座的型号和安装高度应有符合设计及规范要求,插座安装必须端正牢固,表面洁净,潮湿场所应采用密封良好的防水防溅插座。

(5)灯具安装应符合有关标准规定,灯具固定要牢固可靠,不应使用木楔,当灯具距地高度小于2.4m时,灯具的可接近裸露导体必须接地或接零可靠,并应有专用接地螺栓,且有标识。

(6)线路测试

在电表、户开关箱断路器、开关、插座安装完毕后,在水电班长带领下方能表进行测试,检查无误后,进行通电测试,测试时总进线安装一漏电保护器,特别注意工作人员的人身安全,做到每个线路路端的线路畅通,接线方式无误。

5)、接地装置

利用楼房基础钢筋作接地体,在钢筋绑扎过程中,按设计要求作接地施工,连接采用搭接焊,搭接长度,圆钢双面≥6D,角钢3面焊≥2b,经检查确认后才能支模浇注砼,除埋设在砼中外,其它接地体及焊接接头必须有防腐措施。

6)、防雷工程

本工程设计采用三类防设。屋顶檐口顶面设避雷带,利用柱内主筋做防雷引下线,靠外墙引下线-0.8米处采用40×4mm镀锌扁钢,引至散水以外以备增加接地极,引下线室外距地1.8m处做接地电阻测试卡,接地电阻不大于1Ω。接地装置利用基础内钢筋作为共用接地极,接地电阻不得大于1Ω。

做引下线时,应在基础砼浇筑前将柱主筋与基础底板钢筋可靠焊接,并按图纸要求在楼的四角处设置测试点,距室外地面为1.8m。避雷楼房顶层四周用ф12镀锌圆钢作避雷带,避雷带安装应平正顺直,过建筑物变形缝时应有补偿措施,固定支持卡子高100㎜,间距1000㎜,安装应间距均匀,固定可靠。

不同回路,不同电压等级的交流、直流电线不应穿于同一根管内,一根管内穿线最多不应超过8根且导线截面积(含绝缘层)之和不大于管内截面的40%,管内导线不得有接头,应在粉刷完成后,将管盒(箱)内杂物和积水清理干净,管口安装保护措施后,才能穿入电线。

6.9、门窗工程

1)、材料产品要求

(1)木门:由木材加工厂供应的木门框和扇必须经检验合格的产品并具有出厂合格证,进场前应对型号、数量及门框扇的加工质量全面进行检查(其中包括缝子大小、接缝平整、几何尺寸正确及门窗的平整度等)。门框制作前的木材含水率不得超过12%,生产厂家应严格控制。

(2)保温钢质门和防火门,厂家订做。

(3)防腐剂:氟硅酸钠,其纯度不应小于95%,含水率不大于1%,细度要求应全部通过1600孔/㎝2的筛或稀释的冷底子油涂刷木材与墙体接触部位进行防腐处理。

(4)钉子根据不同需要准备,木螺丝、合页、插销、拉手、挺钩、门锁等根据门图表所列的各种型号、种类的小五金及其配件。

(5)对于不同轻质墙体预埋预设的木砖及预埋件等。

2)、主要机具

一般应备粗刨、细刨、裁口刨、单线刨、锯锤子、斧子、改锥、线勒子、扁铲、塞尺、线锤、红线包、墨汁、木钻、小电锯、担子扳、扫帚等。

3)、作业条件

(1)门框和扁安装前应先检查有无窜角、翘曲、劈裂、如有以上情况应先进行修理。

(2)门框靠墙、靠地的一面应刷防腐涂料,其它各面及扇活均应涂刷淸油一道。刷刷油后分类码放平整,底层应垫平、垫高。每层框与框、扇与扇间垫木板条通风,如露天堆放时,需用苫布盖好,不准日晒雨淋。

(3)门框的安装应依据图纸尺寸核实后进行安装,并按图纸开启方向要求安装时注意裁口方向。安装高度按室内50cm平线控制。

(4)门框安装应在抹灰前进行,门扇和窗扇的安装在抹灰完成后进行,如窗扇必须先行安装时应注意成品保护,防止碰撞和污染。

4)、操作工艺

(1)工艺流程:

弹线找规矩,找出门框安装位置→做掩扇及门框安装的样板→框、扇安装→门框安装→门扇安装

(2)结构工程经过检验合格后,即可从顶层开始用大线坠吊垂直,检查容器位置的准确度,并在墙上弹出墨线,对出线的结构进行剔凿处理。

(3)室内外门框应根据图纸位置和标高安装,并根据门的高度合理设置木砖数量且每块木砖应钉2个10cm长的钉子并应将钉帽砸扁钉入木砖内,使门框安装牢固。

(4)轻质隔墙应预设带木砖的混凝土块,以保证其门窗安装的牢固性。

(5)掩扇及做样板;把窗扇根据图纸要求安装到窗框上此道工序称为掩扇。对掩扇的质量按验评标准检查缝隙大小,五金位置,尺寸及牢固等,符合标准要求做为样板,以此为验收标准和依据。

(6)弹线安装窗框扇应考虑抹灰层的厚度,并根据门窗尺寸、标高、位置及开启方向,在墙上画出安装位置线。有贴脸的门窗、立框时应与抹灰面平。

(7)木门框安装:应在地面工程施工前完成,门框安装应保证牢固,门框应用钉子与木砖钉牢,一般每边不少于2点固定,间距不大于1.2m。若隔墙为加气混凝土条板时,应按要求间距预留45mm的孔,孔深7~10cm,并在孔内预埋木橛粘107胶水泥浆加入孔中,待其凝固后再安装门框。

5)、木门扇的安装:

(1)先确定门的开启方向及小五金型号和安装位置及对开等扇口的裁口位置开启方向(一般右扇为盖口扇)。

(2)检查门口是否尺寸正确,边角是否方正,有无窜角,检查门口高度应量门的两侧,检查门口宽度应量门口的上、中、下三点并在扇的相应部位定点画线。

(3)将门扇靠在框上划出相应的尺寸线,如果扇大,则应根据框的尺寸将大出部分刨去,若扇小应绑木条,用胶和钉子钉牢,钉帽要砸扁,并钉入木材内1~2mm。

(4)第一次修刨后的门扇应以能塞入口内为宜,塞好后用木楔顶住临时固定,按门扇与口边缝宽合适尺寸,画第二次修刨线,标上合页槽的位置(距门扇的上、下、端1/10,且避开上、下冒头)。同时应注意口与扇安装的平整。

(5)门扇二次修刨,缝隙尺寸合适后即安装合页。应先用线勒子勒出合页的宽度,根据上、下、冒头1/10的要求,钉出合页安装边线,分别从上、下边线往里量出合页长度,剔合页槽,以槽的深度来调整门扇安装后与框的平整,剔合页槽时应留线,不应剔的过大、过深。

(6)合页槽剔好后,即安装上、下合页,安装时应先拧一个螺丝,然后关上门检查缝隙是否合适,口与扇是否平整,无问题后方可将螺丝全部拧上拧紧。木螺丝应钉入全长1/3拧入2/3。如门窗为黄花松或其它硬木时,安装前应先打眼。眼的孔径为木螺丝直径的0.9倍,眼深为螺丝长的2/3,打眼后再拧螺丝,以防安装劈裂或将螺丝拧断。

1、制作工艺工艺流程

型材检验入库→型材下料→安装衬钢→焊接型材→清理焊缝→安装辅件→检验→包装→发往工地→安装→验收

2、安装工艺

1)、本工程螺栓连接安装法

工艺流程:

装固定片→装点→框进洞口→调整定位→与墙体固定→填充性材料→洞口抹灰→清理沙浆→施打密封胶→安装门窗扇→装五金配件→清理表面排水孔→撕下保护膜

2)、项目的有关规定:窗框安装固定前由我公司技术人员对所提供的产品尺寸进行复核,同时对预留洞口进行复核,用防水砂浆刮糙处理好后进行安装。

3)、保证门窗的安装质量有关内容:安装外框,调整定位与墙体固定,施打发泡后框四周用水泥砂浆填嵌,清理门窗框架,安装玻璃及内扇,窗框与墙体之间进行密封打胶,清理验收。

4)、窗安装采用膨胀螺栓穿透型材固定门窗框,固定点间距:转角处150~200mm,框边处小于或等于500mm,在安装过程中对每一樘已安装好的窗有专职质检员进行检验,保证门窗的水平度及垂直度符合验收要求,门窗框边及底面应贴上保护膜,如发现保护膜脱落时,应补贴保护膜。

5)、窗洞口清理干净及干燥后,施打发泡剂,发泡剂应连续施打,一次成型,填充饱满,溢出窗框外的发泡剂应在结膜前塞入缝隙内,防止发泡剂外膜破损。

6)、窗框扇表面若沾止水泥砂浆时,应在其硬化前用湿布擦拭干净,不得用硬质材料铲刮表面门窗外侧应留5mm宽的打胶槽口,打密封胶前必须先清理门窗框周围的灰尘,防止出现粘结不牢固的情况,胶水采用中性硅酮密封胶,打密封胶时胶线一定保证呈直线型并且胶缝宽度均匀符合设计要求,保证不发生渗漏现象玻璃不得与玻璃槽直接接触,并应在玻璃下边垫衬垫块。

7)、窗表面不应有影响外观的质量缺陷,密封条装配后应均匀、牢固、接口应粘接严密、无脱槽等现象五金配件应安装牢固、位置正确、开关灵活。

8)、门窗安装完毕必须进行调试,保证开启灵活,及时做好有关施工技术隐蔽等资料。

七、劳动力和材料投入计划及其保证措施

1、劳动力投入计划

(1)劳动力计划配备:选配有丰富经验、素质高、能打硬仗的综合施工队伍为本工程的主力军,进行严格管理,确保实现预期目标。基础施工阶段以钢筋工、木工及混凝土工为主配备劳动力,主体阶段以瓦工为主,装饰安装施工阶段以粉刷工、安装工及油漆工为主配备劳动力。

劳动力投入详见后附表。

2、保障措施

1)、我公司下设有劳务公司,能够保障劳动力,保证提供熟练技术工人,并按计划和工程进度调入,确保工程按计划保质保量完成。

2)、工人上岗前进行技能培训,经培训考核合格后方可上岗从事本职位工作。工人转岗须经转岗培训,考核合格后方可上岗。特种工作业,必须有特种作业上岗证,无证不得从事特种作业工作。无关人员不得进行机械、电工作业。

3)、在正式开工前对工人进行安全教育,在施工过程中加强监督、落实,把安全生产工作落到实处。

3、材料投入计划

材料投入,根据施工现场条件以及施工进度计划,编制材料进场月、旬计划,分阶段、分批次按计划进场,并根据工程实际进度及时做出调整。

我公司有常期的供货合作伙伴,可以确保材料质量,及时供应供货。

4、保证措施

1)、各种材料必须采用合格供应商花名册中规定的厂家产品,对所有进场物资必须随材料进场提供合格的材质证明、出厂合格证和试验报告。

2)、对需要做复试的原材料,如:水泥、钢材、钢筋、砂石料、各种附加剂、焊条、焊剂、防水材料等,必须按照规定及时取样试验,并将试验报告向监理报验。

无合格证或复检不合格的物质,坚决要求不准进入现场,并杜绝使用。同时要注明处理结果和材料去向。对不合格材料的处理,应建立台帐。

3)、材料存放

根据现场平面布置图,各种料具按指定位置存放,并分规格堆放整齐、稳固,做到一头齐、一条线。

4)、施工现场的机具保管中,依据材料性能采取必要的防雨、防潮、防冻、防火、防爆、防损坏等措施,贵重物品、易燃、易爆和有毒物品及时入库,专库专管,加设明显标志,严格执行领料手续。

模板要存放在专用的堆放架内,木方、木制多层板必须按规格码放整齐。

5)、保卫措施

加强对每位员工的思想教育工作,建立有针对性的保卫制度和处罚制度。

现场每位员工必须配带胸卡进出现场,对于来访者要进行登记。

实行材料出门条制度,材料出场必须有物资科签发的出门条,其他部门签发无效,现场贵重物品必须入库保管,专人专管。

八、投入的施工机械设备情况、主要施工机械进场计划

提高施工现场机械化施工程度,是保证工程质量,加快施工进度的关键,也是建筑业的一个主要发展方向。我公司在以往施工的工程中,均积极提高施工现场机械化施工程度,保证工程质量及工期,受到业主及有有关部门的一致好评。

根据平面部置,设置三台QTZ40型塔吊和三台物料提升机,负责水平和垂直运输。

基础土方开挖采用我公司自有挖掘机挖土,自卸汽车运土。为保证质量,加快施工进度,大面积回填采用压路机压实,边角采用蛙式打夯机。

主要机械设备及进场时间详见后附表。

九、质量保证措施

9.1、质量管理体系

按照ISO9001:2000体系运行文件的要求建立质量保证组织体系,设立专职质检员和成品保护管理员岗位,建立岗位责任制。

质量保证体系图详见后附表。

9.2、质量保障措施

1、基础工作

施工前,应严格按照国家现行施工规范和验评标准组织编写工程施工组织设计;并根据本工程的特点和质量管理重点,并成立QC小组。

认真组织学习执行有关规章制度,对全体员工进行质量意识教育,牢固树立“质量是企业的生命”和“为用户服务”的思想。

2、过程检验及报验规定

严格执行国家现行规范、标准及企业的各项规定,严格按照设计要求组织施工。

每个分项工程(工序)开工之前,应严格按工艺标准要求对操作班组进行技术、质量交底。

工程施工实行“三检制”,做到检查上道工序,保证本道工序,服务下道工序。真正做到严格控制工序质量,不合格的工序不移交。不合格的分项或工序,不经返修合格不得进行下道工序的施工。

3、不合格分项(工序)处理规定

施工中出现施工质量严重不合格,不得擅自进行处理,必须及时汇报,由承包方会同业主、设计院、监理制定处理方案。施工方必须严格按照处理方案进行返修,直到达到合格为止。

施工中出现质量事故,必须按规定填写质量事故报告单,并及时上报总包方质检部门。严格按照三不放的原则,追查责任者、事故的经过,对责任者进行严格处理。

4、工程质量检验评定规定

分项工程质量评定应按照国家质量检验验评标准规定进行实事求是的评定,不得闭门造车。

分项工程质量评定,由施工方组织自检评定,报项目质检科进行核定,主要分部工程由公司质检科核定。

分项工程质量评定过程中出现不合格,由专职质检员填写不合格通知单,技术部门提出纠正措施,整改后重新评定。

5、质量保证资料管理规定

质量保证基础资料,质量评定资料必须统一,格式要标准化,由施工方负责填写、整理、报总公司质检科,并严格执行地方行业标准和公司标准。各种质量保证资料,必须与施工同步进行,不得后补。

6、建立岗位责任制

为把工作落到实处,实行各负其责各施其职,特制定岗位责任制。

十、安全文明施工的技术组织措施

10.1、确保安全的组织措施

1、安全生产的目标及方针

1)、安全生产的目标:确保无重大工伤事故,杜绝死亡事故;轻伤频率控制在1‰以内。

2)、方针:安全第一、预防为主。

2、安全生产保证体系及原则

1)、安全生产保证体系

公司为核心,以建造师为首,由现场副经理、安全总监、区域责任工程师、专业监理工程师、各专业分包等各方面的管理人员组成安全保证体系。

安全生产保证体系见后附表。

2)、安全管理原则

(1)管生产必须管安全,谁主管谁负责的原则。

(2)生产必须安全,不安全不生产的的原则。

(3)先防护,后施工,无防护不施工的原则。

(4)发生事故“四不放过”原则。

3、安全施工的管理技术措施

1)、安全生产责任制及专职安全生产人员职责

根据本工程管理人员规模,拟指定以项目经理为主,专职安全员、项目技术员为辅,各级施工组长为主要执行者,保卫、安全员为主要监督者的安全责任制。明确分工,各司其职。

2)、安全生产制度

根据国家及地方现行规范(标准),并结合本工程的实际情况、情况制度关于安全教育、检查、交底、活动等四项制度,要求所有进入本施工现场的人员以班组为单位进行检查,同时在进场之前,将另行制定工程《安全生产奖罚条例》以确保制度及各项措施的落实。

(1)操作人员必须经班组、项目部和公司三级安全教育,才能上岗操作。

(2)公司安全部门每月组织一次安全检查,安全部门专职安全员进行日常的安全检查,对发现的问题,下发整改通知单,督促整改。

(3)施工过程必须严格执行国家、行业安全生产规程,以及本公司安全生产制度,每道工序作业前,施工员必须下达安全交底单,安全员检查安全措施落实情况,对出现的隐患及时整改,并做好记录。

(4)进入施工现场必须戴好安全帽,在无防护设施的情况下登高作业,必须系好安全带。

(5)开展安全活动,班组每天班前讲安全,事中注意安全,项目部每时每刻查安全,杜绝一切隐患。

3)、安全教育

(1)在安全教育上,以抓正面经验介绍为主,对新工人要履行三级教育和职工人员教育,建立安全教育卡片,考核合格后才准上岗,转岗要经转岗教育,加强民工经常性安全教育,不断提高职工的自我保护能力。

(2)在培训工作中,以抓特殊工种培训为主,坚持先培训,后持证上岗的原则,无证不允许从事本岗位工作。

(3)做好安全技术措施交底,下达任务单时,必须写出安全注意事项,做到口头交底和书面交底相结合,无安全技术措施交底不准施工生产。

4)、安全检查

(1)加强安全检查是贯彻执行安全标准的重要环节,坚持公司每月一次,项目部每周一次,施工员、班组长、安全员、值日员每日检查,法定节假日前检查及施工用电、施工升降机、重要器具、临时设施等专业检查。

(2)整改反馈:检查出来的问题,要下达检查整改通知书,认真整改,做到落实(措施、时间、执行人)。专业项目由专业人员和施工管理人员共同检查,验收签字,主管领导批准使用;各项整改情况要及时复查,用书面反馈,对重大隐患应当采取停机停工查封措施。

(3)施工现场安全防护措施

对该工程进行全封闭的防护,把施工区域、生活区域、安全区、危险区、等明显划分,设醒目标志,并且派专人进行协调管理,把安全工作落实到人,牢固树立“安全第一,预防为主”的方针,确保万无一失。

4、“三宝、四口、五临边”的安全防护

1)、“三宝”是指:安全帽、安全带、安全网;

(1)要求采购有安全备案的,合格的产品。

(2)佩戴及安装方法正确。

2)、“四口”是指:楼梯口、电梯口、预留洞口、通道口;

(1)按规定设置防护栏杆和防护盖板,并在防护栏杆上涂刷标志颜色。

(2)预留洞口均应采用定型式、工具化的防护设施,设高度不小于1.2m的固定门栅。

(3)大小为1.2㎡以内的预留动口、坑井用固定盖板防护;大小为1.5㎡以上的洞口四周在18㎝、60㎝两道水平踢脚杆,护栏高度不小于1.2m,杆件里侧用密目安全网围护,洞口张挂水平安全网,电梯井道内已设置满堂架或竖向每隔10m设置一道水平网。

(4)上下楼梯通道采用钢管搭设防护栏杆,高度为1.2米,由上下两道横杆及栏杆柱组成,上杆离地高度为1.0~1.2米,下杆离地高度为0.5~0.6米, 并在防护栏杆上涂刷标志颜色。

(5)搭设安全通道防护棚时,棚宽大于通道口,棚顶满铺脚手片,建筑棚顶设双层脚手片,间距不少于30cm。

(6)现场安全通道防护采用钢管搭设,顶部钢管间距为30㎝,设两层防护,并满铺竹笆或50㎜厚的木板用来承受上部物体坠落时抗砸能力。建筑物的出入口应搭设长3~6m,宽于出入通道两侧各1m的防护棚,棚顶应设双层间距600mm的满铺竹笆防护,并设安全标志,夜间应设红灯示警;临近施工区域,对人和物构成威胁的地方,必须搭设双层防护棚,满铺,确保人、物的安全。

3)、“五临边”是指:沟、坑,槽和深基础周边;楼层周边;楼梯侧边;平台或阳台边;屋面周边。

(1)所有临边作业防护的采用钢管防护固定时,将钢管埋置地面固定,钢管离临边不应小于50㎝,,防护栏杆高1.2米,设三道水平杆,立杆间距为2.0m,并挂满安全网,并在防护栏杆上涂刷标志颜色(禁止标志颜色宜采用红、白相间,警告标志宜用黄、黑相间)。

(2)屋面周边防护栏杆采用钢管搭设,高度1.2米,设两道水平杆,立杆间距不应大于2.0米。

5、外脚手架的安全生产措施

1)、严格按照《建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范》及施工方案搭设。脚手架应经检查验收合格后才准使用,架子工要经培训考核合格持证上岗。

2)、严禁采用锈蚀严重、弯曲变形及有孔、洞、裂缝、变形的钢管搭设脚手架,旧扣件使用前必须进行质量检查,有裂缝、变形的严禁使用,出现滑丝的螺栓必须更换。

3)、脚手架基础必须夯实,周围设排水设施。木垫板厚度不小于50mm,长度不小于立杆纵距的2跨,高架也可用槽钢,高架搭设时应将木垫板铺平,放好底座,再将立杆放入底座内,不准将立杆直接置于木板上。

4)、龙门架、卸料平台应自成受力系统,禁止与脚手架连接。

5)、高处作业必须系安全带。

6)、脚手架施工区域应有防雷措施。

6、高空作业的安全生产措施

1)、所有高处作业人员应接受高处作业安全知识的教育,并经过体检合格后方可上岗,无证不得进行电工作业。

2)、作业人员应按照规定正确佩带和使用安全帽、安全带等安全防护用具。

3)、按类别、有针对性地将各类安全警示标志挂于施工现场各相应部位,夜间应设红灯示警。

4)、物料提升机应有完好的停靠安全装置,各楼层联络要有明确信号和楼层标记,其上料口应装设有联锁装置的安全门,同时采用断绳保护装置或安全停靠装置,并严禁乘人。

5)、各类作业平台,卸料平台其架体应保持稳固,不得与施工脚手架连接,作业平台上严禁超载。

6)、外墙脚手架搭设应按相关施工方案执行,经施工单位分管安全负责人审批签字,项目分管安全负责人组织有关部门验收合格签字后,方可作业。

7)、外墙脚手架作业层脚手板应铺设严密并有挡脚板,下部应用安全平网兜底。

8)、外墙脚手架外侧应采用密目式安全网做全封闭,不得留有空隙,密目式安全网应可靠固定在架体上。作业人员上下应有专用通道,不得攀爬架体。

9)、密目式安全网及安全平网应符合安全技术要求,且有安全监督部门的检测合格证明及备案材料。

7、安全用电及预防机械伤害的安全生产措施

1)、安全用电

施工现场临时用电必须编制《施工现场临时用电方案》,施工必须按施工方案和规范JGJ46–2005《施工现场临用电安全技术规范》执行。

2)、预防机械伤害安全生产防护措施

(1)电刨(手压刨):防护装置、安全挡板、活动盖板、手压推板。

(2)电锯:有防护罩、铁挡板、吸尘器。

(3)砂轮切割机:防护罩、托架、夹具。

(4)电焊机:有外壳防护罩、一二次接线柱防护罩、露天防雨罩、一二次连接绝缘板、二次接线鼻子、防护接零或保护接地。

(5)搅拌机:搅拌机应有防护罩、料斗保险链钩、离合制动器等。

(6)振动棒:应有保护接零、漏电保护器、绝缘防护用品。

(7)电动机及照明器具:防护罩(室外的有防雨罩)、线盒盖、外壳保护接零或接地、移动式或拖地的电源线应用电缆护套线;埋地或易受机械机具损伤的电源线加设保护装置,特殊、潮湿处照明使用36V以下安全电压。

8、塔机的安全事项

1)、四级风以上天气不允许顶升作业。

2)、安装作业人员严禁饮酒后上岗。

3)、塔吊的试运转及验收,检测结果应有详细如实的记录,并由有关人员签字确认符合要求;安装后应报市主管检验部门验收,颁发谁用证方可使用。

4)、塔吊基础地耐力如果满足不了设计要求,必须经计算采取加固措施。

5)、作业后安全注意事项

(1)作业后,起重机应停放在轨道中间位置,臂杆应转到顺风方向,并放松回转制动器。小车及平衡重应移到非工作状态位置,吊钩提升到离臂杆顶端2~3m处。

(2)将每个控制开关拔至零位,依次断开各路开关,关闭操作室门窗,下机后切断电源总开关,打开高空指示灯。

(3)锁紧夹轨器,使起重机与轨道固定,如遇八级大风时,应另拉缆风绳与地锚或建筑物固定。

(4)任何人员上塔帽、吊臂、平衡臂的高空部位检查或修理时,必须佩戴安全带。

9、模板施工的安全生产措施

1)、作业前要做好施工安全交底和安全教育工作,仔细检查吊装用钢丝绳、卡具及每块模板上的吊环,并设专人指挥,统一信号,密切配合。

2)、模板起吊应做到稳起稳落,就位应准确。起吊前注意将大模上松动的东西取下。禁止用人力搬运模板、斜吊以防模板大幅度摆动碰撞其他模板。

3)、模板拆、装区域周围,应设置围栏,并挂设明显的标志牌,非作业人员禁止入内。

4)、安装模板的操作人员必须加强个人的自身安全防护,临边施工系好安全带。

5)、模板起吊前,应复查穿墙螺栓是否有漏拆,并应能保证模板与墙体完全脱离。拆除外墙模板吊钩应垂直,不得斜吊,以防碰撞相邻模板及墙体。挂钩时手不离钩,待吊钩超过头部时方可松手,须超过障碍物以上的允许高度才能行车和转臂。

6)、模板安装、拆除、指挥和挂钩人员必须站在安全可靠的地方方可操作,严禁人员随模板起吊。

7)、楼梯间模板在支模过程中,如需中途停歇,应将支撑顶牢,拆模间隙时将活动的模板、支撑等运走或妥善堆放,防止因扶空、踏空而坠落。

8)、顶板模板拆除时,操作人员应相互配合,传递模板不得乱扔。

9)、顶板及阳台板模板拆除时,其强度应能满足设计与规范要求。

10、消防措施

健全现场防火组织,落实消防设备,制定防火制度,做好防火宣传教育。在易燃、易爆、火灾危险处,挂设防火安全色标。

11、保卫措施

加强对每位员工的思想教育工作,建立有针对性的保卫制度和处罚制度。现场每位员工必须配带胸卡进出现场,对于来访者要进行登记。实行材料出门条制度,材料出场必须有物资部签发的出门条,其他部门签发无效,现场贵重物品必须入库保管,专人专管。

施工现场的机具保管中,依据材料性能采取必要的防雨、防潮、防冻、防火、防爆、防损坏等措施,贵重物品、易燃、易爆和有毒物品及时入库,专库专管,加设明显标志,严格执行领料手续。

10.2、文明施工保障措施

文明施工是建筑施工形象的窗口,是施工现场综合管理水平的体现,同时也是文明传播的窗口和展示文明的平台,我公司将把文明施工贯穿于项目施工管理的始终。

1、文明施工的目标

达到信阳市文明工地,争创省文明工地。

2、文明施工保证体系

针对施工现场管理,确保目标实现,成立专门的文明施工保证体系见附图。

3、文明施工保证措施

1)、现场文明教育

(1)要求全体施工人员遵纪守法,开展争做文明职工活动。

(2)充分利用现场条件,搞好宣传工作,营造文明施工的强烈氛围。

2)、施工现场道路及材料管理

(1)硬化现场路面、料场,平整场地,安排专人对场地定时清扫,确保现场干净、整洁,道路畅通无积水。

(2)坚持值日制度,设专人分管检查,施工用具及材料应严格按照施工现场平面布置图布置、堆设,且应堆放整齐,施工用具边用边清,施工垃圾日产日清,不影响道路及环境卫生。

(3)现场机械设备安装牢固,排列整齐,配置专人维修、保养。

(4)因施工现场位于职院学校内,施工期间,采用有效措施,减少施工噪音及环境污染,确保施工期间不影响正常的教学生活。

(5)现场设置冲水厕所,并安排专人打扫,杜绝随地大小便。

3)、环境卫生保护措施及绿化措施

(1)在现场大门口设置沉淀池,出场车辆必须经过冲洗,避免将尘土、泥浆带到场外,运输散装材料的车辆,车箱后封闭,避免撒落。

(2)专人负责现场道路及大门出入口的清扫工作,并经常洒水,防止扬尘,现场内的道路必须压实,表面铺一层中砂,防止雨季产生泥浆,在现场的设垃圾回收站,每日有专人清理宿舍,临时宿所要专人每日清扫。

(3)在施工过程中严格按照省、市有关建设工地规定执行,确保施工现场环境符合各方面的标准,切实达到文明现场花园式管理。购置临时花卉、树木现场摆放,在规划的绿化区内提前种植树木,对施工现场空余区进行绿化。

4)、“场容场貌”的规定

(1)工地实行围挡封闭施工:围栏设置按工程所处位置分别要求,保证稳固、美观;建筑、装饰工程立面:围挡封闭高度必须高出作业层1.5米以上,以防物体外坠。

(2)工地建立企业特色标志:工地的门头、大门、旗杆设置实行各企业有各自特色的统一标准。

(3)工地区域分布合理有序、场容场貌整洁文明:施工区域与生活区域严格分隔,场容场貌整齐、整洁、有序,并采取安全保卫措施。

(4)设置醒目安全标志:施工区域和危险区域设置醒目的安全警示标志。

(5)在工地主要出入口设置“五牌一图”。

(6)工地必须作到三通一平、排水畅通,防止泥浆、污水、废水外流或堵塞下水道和排水河道。

5)、施工场所的分类

施工场所按其范围和施工特点可分为竣工区域、施工区域、待建区域、企业生产区域和企业生活区域等。

6)、创文明工地、环保和防噪音措施

(1)对于施工现场安全、容貌、卫生管理的设备、设施经常加以检查,保证设备、设施齐全无损。如有缺损及时更换,做到万无一失。

(2)伙食房做好饮食卫生,防止病从口入。积极消灭“四害”、消除“四害”滋生地。

(3)大噪音的施工作业尽量避开休息时间,晚上10:00至次日6:30不得进行施工作业,尤其是大噪音施工作业。

如要连续施工必须到环保部门进行登记并办理相关手续,并征得学校主管部门的同意后方可施工,并制定采取相应的降低噪音的措施。

(4)合理选用低噪音的先进机械设备,避免进行噪音较大的施工。不使用或少使用噪音大的施工机械;晚间严禁使用大噪音机械。并在设备噪音源四周,以及在主体施工期间,采用0.75mm镀锌铁皮,0.5孔径30%孔率,以及30mm厚柔性材料围护,把噪音降低到最小范围。

(5)混凝土施工中对水泥罐下部采用彩条布围挡减少灰尘;对产生的污水,现场设沉淀池,所有污水先进入沉淀池沉淀后再排入排水管网。

(6)及时清扫对工地附近道路的污染,特别是运输混凝土时的散落、滴漏以及在土方施工阶段车辆进出工地所带出的泥土等,以免给师生带来不便。

(7)材料加工车间临时棚,采用全封闭管理(如圆盘锯,平板创

等机械)。

十一、工期保证措施

11.1、综合说明

根据招标文件要求,本工程工期为275日历天,为了保证各分部、分项工程均有相对充裕的时间保证施工质量工程进度,编制工程施工进度计划,确立各阶段的目标时间。

施工设备、资金、劳动力在满足阶段目标的前提下进行配备。

劳动力组织本着不打乱工种界限,根据综合进度情况安排用工。在安排施工时,以工程量为依据并结合本工程的特点,根据各个时间的施工高峰用人来确定进入施工场的人数和工种,在确保施工进度的情况下不发生窝工和劳动力浪费等现象。

11.2、工作安排

在施工过程中安排好各工种的穿插、立体交叉作业,平等流水施工,水、暖、电安装队根据施工进度陆续进入工地,随基础、主体同步穿插施工,竖向采用自下而上,逐层施工流向。主体完工后,由装修专业工程队进入工地进行装修。根据工程的特点和以往的施工经验,先进的机械设备和训练有素的技术员工,是能够保质、保量按期完成任务。关键在于计划及计划的实施。

根据施工条件、工程特点及工期要求,工程可分为四个阶段来控制施工进度,即:基础阶段、主体阶段、装修和水、暖、电、通安装阶段、竣工收尾阶段,在施工期的每个阶段都必须采取措施,千方百计设法提前完成任务。

11.3、管理措施

11.3.1、施工准备保证措施

1、主动与业主、政府职能部门及监理单位加强联系,及时安排进场事宜,并提前做好进场准备,时刻准备进场。

2、合同签订后,队伍立即进场,进行临时设施的建设,同时根据施工进度安排,组织周转材料、施工机械及部分施工材料进场,保证按期开工。

3、及时进行施工技术准备工作,对模板方案设计、砼配合比设计、防水施工方案等均提前进行,报监理批准,同时根据施工组织设计编制详细的施工作业方案。

11.3.2、技术保证措施

对于本工程的施工,需全面考虑施工时间限制等一切不利因素,做好充分准备,积极预防各种突发的不利情况对施工造成的影响。具体包括:

1、在冬季采取合理的技术措施,保证施工进度。

2、合理安排工序及划分流水段,保证工程施工的连续性,工作不中断。

3、利用中午和夜间时间加强机械设备保养,充分发挥设备性能。

4、根据工程进度计划,提前十天安排机械设备进场;主体结构分阶段验收,提前进入装饰阶段,充分利用施工工作面。

5、抓住重点,确保关键线路和重点工期目标

“结构封顶”是一个十分重要的形象控制点。确保结构按时完成,将给后续工作提供作业面,为总工期的确保起着决定性作用。为此,将从物资、人员、机械方面予以保证,从技术上予以加强,集中力量,确保结构封顶是首期工作重点。

6、合理组织流水加大施工穿插力度

本工程有穿插施工的优势,根据以往同类工程的施工经验,按均衡流水施工工艺划分施工段,采取“平面流水,立体交叉”法组织工序间的流水施工、加大前后工种施工的穿插力度,切实控制各节点施工工期,最终确保总工期实现。

7、建立进度计划动态管理模式,加强工期监控

进度计划管理的宗旨是以实现总工期为目标,以控制关键节点工期为主干,以滚动计划为链条,确保计划的衔接。稳定均衡,通过信息反馈,以四级计划管理模式对计划实行的全过程作有效控制。

11.3.3、强化工期分析、处理措施

1、施工进度计划的检查、整理、对比分析

1)、检查:采用日、旬、月进度报表、作业状况报表、现场实地检查方法对施工全过程进行跟踪检测,收集信息。

2)、整理:将调查资料加工整理成与施工进度计划具有可比性的反映实际施工进度的资料进行对比分析,并进行总结。

2、施工进度的调整措施

施工进度发生偏差后,采取以下措施相结合进行调整。压缩后续工作持续时间:采取一切可行手段,如劳动力平衡、抢工、赶工奖励、严惩误工等措施追回影响时间。改变施工活动的逻辑关系及搭接关系即改变关键线路上各工作时间的逻辑关系,搭接关系和平行流水途径来实现。

十二、关键施工技术、工艺、重点、难点分析和解决方案

在施工过程中做好关键部位的施工,抓好管理中的重要环节,是做好管理工作和保证工程质量的关键。

12.1、混凝土工程

混凝土工程是本工程的重点也是本工程的难点,因此做好混凝土工程的施工是保证工程质量的关键所在。本工程为砖混结构,混凝土工程部位主要是基础和挑梁及构造柱、圈过梁。因此做好基础、挑梁及构造柱、圈过梁的施工工作,是混凝土工程工作的重中之重。

12.2、砌体工程

本工程为砖混结构,砌体工程质量好坏直接影响到工程质量的优劣。

整个房屋的纵横墙应相互连接牢固,以增加房屋的强度和稳定性。内外墙往往不能同时砌筑,在留槎时应尽量留成斜槎,当留斜槎有困难时,除转角外,也可留直槎,必须做成阳槎。对于留槎部位,继续施工时应做好接槎处理。

在施工过程中,为了便于施工,常留设施工洞口,洞口的留设应符合设计和施工规范的要求。洞口应预埋拉接钢筋,以使其可靠连接保证工程质量。

12.3、应注意的问题

雨期施工要做好防雨措施,严防雨水冲走砂浆,致使砌体倒塌。冬期施工要做好保温措施。在夏季施工时,由于天气热气温高,水份蒸发快,应做好撒水养护工作,并派专人负责,以保证砌体和混凝土强度得到充分发展。

十三、施工总进度表或施工网络图

由于工期紧、工程量大,结合本工程实际,划分流水段,采用流水施工,各工序间相互协调配合,由专人组织、调配,科学组织施工。

施工进度计划网络图详见后附表。

十四、施工总平面布置图

14.1、施工临时设施的布置应符合施工工艺流程,便于施工,减少相互影响,便于管理;材料、成品、半成品合理堆放,减少二次搬运。

14.2、临时设施布置

1、施工现场设办公室、职工宿舍、食堂、仓库等临时用房,以及钢筋、模板加工场地、砂石堆放料场。

2、运输机械:设塔吊三台和物料提升机三台,负责现场的水平和垂直运输。

14.3现场施工用水电

现场照明用电和施工用电分两路架设;生产区和生活区安装消火栓。

14.4、施工平面管理

施工现场总平面的使用根据进度计划实施动态管理,在施工现场重要出入口处悬挂出入制度、安全警示牌以及现场管理条例等,教育职工遵守工作纪律、维持良好工作秩序。

14.5、现场加工区布置应隔离,减少施工噪音和扬尘的影响。

14.6、施工现场平面布置图详见附表。

附表

项目组织管理机构

附表

质量保证体系

说明:1、安装副经理、工程师、队长在安装工程施工时进入质保体系。

2、 表示工作关系

3、 表示信息反馈

附表

安全保证体系图

说明:1、安装副经理、工程师、队长在安装工程施工时进入安保体系。

2、 表示工作关系

3、 表示信息反馈

附表

文明施工保证措施

内容提要:

1.文明施工管理措施

2.经济制约措施

为贯彻国家颁布的安全生产的法律、法规,满足业主文明施工的要求,保证工程顺利、有序、文明的进行,树立企业形象,要确保做到文明施工。我公司目标是:创市级文明工地,具体管理网络详见现场文明环境卫生管理网络图。

附表

劳动力计划表

附表

主要机械设备配置表

附表

主要试验、测量设备表

英语名言警句英文(6)

六年级上册寒假新时空答案

【篇一:寒假新时空六年级上册】

lass=txt>第一天:

一、荷花 杏花 桃花 桃花 红杏 菊花 桃花 梅

二、舍近求远 化悲为喜 扬长辟短 弄巧成拙 弃旧图新 优胜劣汰 承上启下 善始善终 去粗取精

三、1)头如狮子一样威武,身躯像牛一样肥壮。2)春联后面有(p8)

一、

例子:hi,im xie shuyao.winter holidays come.im happy.im

going to buy new clothes.im

going to learn danceing .im going to visit my friends.im going to learn how to play the guitar(弹吉他)。im going to walk near wuzhen.im going to read many story-book......what about you? 二、1)many geese ten teeth 2)book fun plant 3)rain river here

第二天:

一、早晨 树叶 天才 退步 孩子 秋天

二、春和千树茂,雨润百花香。 爆竹声声春讯早,桃符处处岁时新。 岁岁年丰添美满,家家幸福庆团圆

桃红柳绿春色美,莺歌燕舞气象新。 祖国山河处处壮丽,神州大地欣欣向荣。

三、一年四季春常在,万紫千红永花开。五湖四海皆春色,万水千山尽得辉。

一、第一个连sing 第二个连hobby 第三个连cinema subway

newspaper hospital

二、hobby newspaper hospital cinema singer subway

第三天:

一、出生入死 死灰复燃 燃眉之急 急功近利 利欲熏心 心直口快 快人快语 语重心长 长篇大论 论功行赏 赏心悦目 目不暇接

二、1 8 10 7 2 11 5 43 6 9 12

三、1)介绍了椰菜、菜心、茄子、四季豆、羊角豆、臭豆、包菜、番茄、莲藕。

2)青菜像朵盛开的花,穿一身青色的衣裳,整天笑眯眯,就好像大人们中彩了一样。

一、\i:\cleaner \a:\after \c:\turn \u:\morning\3:\soon

二、c c c c

第四天:

一、上海 长春 贵阳 海口 西宁 天水 开封 济南 西安 天津(竖列)

二、峦 岳 丘 崮(横排)

三、1)最初认为猫胆怯,后来知道猫是等待它疲惫松懈,用“敌人出击我退回,敌人退回我又出击”这个计谋。

2)猫避到桌上,大鼠也上去,猫就跳下来。这样上下来往,不下百次。等老鼠疲惫了,就用猫爪抓住了大鼠头顶的毛,用嘴咬住大鼠的头颈,最终大鼠惨败。

第五天:

一、车水马龙 人山人海 琳琅满目 门庭若市

二、错在月亮中间不会有星星

三、1)写到了烟霞、碧水、雁、落辉残照、古树景色

2)萧萧冷树古城边,晚照残辉落岭前。遥雁一色秋色暮,迢迢碧水映霞烟。发现倒读、顺读都朗朗上口,很妙!

二、选2 选1 选1 1 2 1 1 2

第六天:

一、(p27有答案)

二、 如果是十张多米诺骨牌,弄倒一张,全倒。十减一等于零。 三、1)画骑马登山画 母亲指点作品 画骑马下山图 论骑马之术 喻处世之道

2)当成功时不要骄傲,要更加谦虚;当失败时不要气馁,要充满自信。

一、d f e h a c b g

第七天:

一、灵便 灵敏 灵巧 灵活 精明 精细 精美 精巧 精密 二、2 4 1 3 6 5

三、b d

一、c c b c c

二、c c c d c b

第八天:

一、把“的人”去掉 “盛开”和“完全开放”2选1去掉 “大概”去掉

二、荒废时间等于荒废生命。 抛弃时间的人,时间也抛弃他。浪费了一生就等于夭折。

三、鹏程万里 任重道远 秀外慧中 大智若愚 沧海一粟 甘之如饴(竖列)

四、他在孩子的瞳孔里,

他在阳光的怀抱里,

浅浅的,沁着春的气息。

暖暖的,渗着春的气息。

一、b a b b b a

2012-01-12 5:37 p.m.寒假新时空六年级上册~语文、英语 答案2

第九天:

一、寒门 佛门 邪门 窍门 热门 冷门 闭门 登门 班门 权门 山门

二、(1)不识抬举 (2)见异思迁 (3)饮水思源 (4)本性难移 (5)自作自受

三、1)a 2)不需要。有些事情不要看得太复杂,胡子这么长,这么多年不也安稳地睡下来了吗?不要考虑套多。

一、√1 √2 √2 1 1 1 1

二、5 1 2 3 4

【篇二:六年级寒假作业答案】

/p> 2012-01-17 09:34:18| 分类: 易学简算|举报|字号 订阅

2月7日晨修改,感谢部分同学指正!

p4-5

在框里填上适当的数

3/2 3/215/2;14/914/9 4/9

5/35/3 5/6

涂色

37.5%37.5%

按规律填空

0.53/7,37.5%规律是:分子是3,分母后一个比前一个增加1 6/5,60%1.3 规律是:奇数位上减去0.1,偶数位上增加0.1

40%, 1.4, 33/20 190%规律是:后一项比前一项增加0.25 求面积

1、 10x12-3.14x(10/2)平方=41.5(平方厘米)

2、4x6/2+3.14x(4/2)平方/2=18.28(平方厘米)

解决问题

1、(1/3 x3/4-1/5) /3/10=1/6

2、 (1) (14+16)/ (14+16+7+3+4+5+1)x 100%=60%

(2)(14+16+7+3+4+5) /(14+16+7+3+4+5+1)x 100% =98% 1- 1 / (14+16+7+3+4+5+1)x 100%=98 %

(3) 略

p10-11

直接写出答案:3/2 2/32/9 8/9 7/4 4/7 3/7 5y1/3 13/153/2 5/34/15

看图计算:略

填空:1、100,40 2、1:3 3、 270 4、 1,3,2,

1/4, 3/2

选择 a,b , a,b, b, b

动脑筋,1、 3,28; 6,14;21,4; 12,7 ; 42,24,21; 7,12, 2,42; 1,84

2、 略

p16-17

1、填>、<或=

,,,,=,

2、选择

a\c ;b;c

3、比较大小1又2/31.66116.7%

34% 1/3

4、填表 0.75=3/4=75%

0.575=23/40=57.5% 0.333

0.34=17/50=34%

5、略

6、解决问题

(1)按比例分配 :540x44/44+45+46 =176(棵)

540x45/44+45+46 =180(棵) 540x46/44+45+46 =184(棵)

(2)309 / 618= 0.5=50%

(3) 3.14 x (16/2)平方/2=100.48(平方厘米)

3.14x(6/2)平方/2 + 6x6/2=32.13(平方分米)

p22-23

1、简便计算 1/2413, 1,48

2、 填空 3/4 0.75 75%七成五

5/8 0.625 62.5% 3/5 60%

四种:

192=1/2(384)=1/3(576) 273=1/2(546)=1/3(819) 327=1/2(654)=1/3(981) 219=1/2(438)=1/3(657)

3、填>、<或=

, , ; ,=

4、列式计算

[3.09-37/12 /(1.15+1/12)] x10% 解:设乙数为x,那么甲数为4/7x x-4/7x=21

x=49

12000x3.14%x3+12000=13130.4(元) 1200x ( 1 - 99.5% ) = 6(人) 位置 = 0

.059

【篇三:六年级语文寒假作业答案】

lass=txt>-1~3页

二、1.负荆请罪 完璧归赵 望梅止渴 闻鸡起舞

3.学而不厌 兢兢业业 短兵相见 舍生取义

4.指手画脚 一干二净 千姿百态 取长补短

透气

被关起来

2.角、路边和野地里辛辛苦苦地忙碌搏斗

设置的安乐窝里享福

难保

5~8 开朗 勃然大怒

顾 公然违抗

去 赫然在目

立 岿然不动

神 潸然泪下

2.你同意他不?同意!

3.意!

道是谁送给她披肩的

励着她

三、1.(1)药瓶不蚂蚁被闷死了 (2)蚂蚁们不愿意蚂蚁们宁可在墙也不愿意在为它们泥菩萨过江--自身蚕豆开花--黑心 页 一、恍然大悟 豁然油然而生 浑然不嫣然一笑 截然而漠然置之 巍然矗悠然自得 黯然伤二、1.你同意 他不同意

你同意他?不同四、1.虽然她不知但是陌生人那种纯善良的心将永远激

2.愿意

因为她有一颗纯洁 善良的心

9~10页

一、斜风细雨 暴风骤雨 风雨交加 风雨同舟

满城风雨 不蔽风雨 风调雨顺 风吹雨打

旁的细柳条中

感受:春天来了

13~16页

一、每 欠

作伥 虎背熊腰 千军万马

影 声名狼藉 指鹿为马

皮 亡羊补牢 狗急跳墙

悲 鹏程万里 如鱼得水

2.b

3.做铺垫

4.因为这只表无法指示时间 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.三、生机藏在了道大地重新复苏 蕴含生机

二、万象更新 为虎对牛弹琴 杯弓蛇鹤立鸡群 鸡毛蒜抱头鼠窜 兔死狐三、1.c、c 为下文引出魔表春联撷英

楼外春阴鸠唤雨 庭前日暖蝶翻风 燕翻玉剪穿红雨 莺掷金梭破绿烟 雨洗杏花红欲滴 日烘杨柳绿初浮 挑花已恨三层浪 玉树长含万里风 处处桃花频送暖

年年春色去还来

18~19页

四、1.为下文做铺垫

2.我在写小说 3.二十岁以后是叛逆

不理解;三十岁以后是思念

4.表现对母亲的思念

21~24页

地久天长-长生不老-老生常谈-谈笑风生 小怪 取长补短 欢天喜地

尾 大公无私 扬长避短

实 文武双全 进退两难

新厌旧 争先恐后 化险为夷

25~28页

胧胧

睁开眼睛

胧看不清

2.晃悠 晃晃悠悠

停地晃悠

2.(1)一、彩虹

二、1.欢天喜地-三、弄巧成拙 大惊男女有别 虎头蛇同甘共苦 名符其无关痛痒 喜一、1.朦胧 朦朦她从睡梦中朦胧的大雾笼罩着山林 远处的树木朦朦胧过浮桥的时候 身子总是随着桥不轻轻一碰不倒翁 他就晃晃悠悠

绰绰有余

(2)萍水相逢 (3)与众不同 3.a 4.a

5.文中这句话指我被老太太身上那种精神所打动

决定从今天起 让生活有规律有光彩

既轰轰烈烈又扎扎实实

6.老太太身上那种充满活力的精神

29~32页

一、百巧成穷 辞巧理拙 大巧若拙 心灵手巧

二、工于心计-计上心来-来去自如-如鱼得水-水落石出-出其不意-意气风发 三、1.快把耳朵都震聋了

2.好像一堵墙

3.仿佛一根针掉在地上都听得见

4.多得数都数不清

四、1.选择在花园里种菜还是种玫瑰;选择吃不吃茼蒿;选择采不采花籽

2.都为了说明生活中处处面临着选择

当面临选择的时候要勇敢去选

然后勇敢去面对 努力做到最好

33~36页

一、马马虎虎 豁然开朗

忧心忡忡 心慌意乱

贪生怕死 名不符实

朝三暮四 心猿意马

二、吃、听、跑

看、踢、打 拍、尝、蹲 哭、吞、喝 窥、食、憩

三、李老师是一位年轻的、具有改革精神的特级小学语文老师

五、1.焦急

2.母亲心中唯一的选择就是爱

3.b

4.个

会激怒绑匪

5.伟大、慈祥、亲切、美丽、无私、善良、安心、细心、温暖、幸福 37~40 n l qi f y 慢吞吞 软绵绵 闹哄哄 明晃晃

沉甸甸 光溜溜 轻飘飘 空落落

重的负担

2.这件事情很简单

五、1.对比

肉、眼露凶光

神色如常、嘲弄

对儿女无私的爱

当时只能带走一儿子太小

留下来无人照顾 而且怕儿子的哭声页

你想得太复杂了

那人的勇敢 (1)狂傲、满脸横(2)笔直、不屑、

英语名言警句英文(7)

一年级必备古诗二十首

一(6)班 李欣瑶

1 《江南》 乐府民歌 

江南可采莲,莲叶何田田。鱼戏莲叶间。鱼戏莲叶东,鱼戏莲叶西,鱼戏莲叶南,鱼戏莲叶北。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

2 《敕勒歌》 北朝民歌 

敕勒川,阴山下。天似穹庐,笼盖四野。天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

3 《咏鹅》 骆宾王(唐)

鹅,鹅,鹅,曲项向天歌,白毛浮绿水,红掌拨清波。 

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

4 《风》 李峤(唐) 

解落三秋叶,能开二月花。过江千尺浪,入竹万竿斜。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

5 《咏柳》 贺知章(唐) 

碧玉妆成一树高,万条垂下绿丝绦。不知细叶谁裁出,二月春风似剪刀。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

6 《凉州词》 王之涣(唐)

黄河远上白云间,一片孤城万仞山,羌笛何须怨杨柳,春风不度玉门关。 

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

7 《春晓》 孟浩然(唐) 

春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟。夜来风雨声,花落知多少。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

8《鹿柴》 王维(唐) 

空山不见人,但闻人语响,返景(yǐng)入深林,复照青苔上。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:       

9《古朗月行》(节选) 李白(唐) 

小时不识月,呼作白玉盘。又疑瑶台镜,飞在青云端。

仙人垂两足,桂树何团团。白兔捣药成,问言与谁餐。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

10 《早发白帝城》 李白(唐) 

朝辞白帝彩云间,千里江陵一日还。两岸猿声啼不住,轻舟已过万重山。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

11《别董大》 高适(唐) 

千里黄云白日曛,北风吹雁雪纷纷。莫愁前路无知己,天下谁人不识君。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

12《悯农》(其一) 李绅(唐) 

春种一粒粟,秋收万颗子。四海无闲田,农夫犹饿死!

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

13《悯农》(其二) 李绅(唐) 

锄禾日当午,汗滴禾下土。谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

14《江上渔者》 范仲淹(北宋) 

江上往来人,但爱鲈鱼美。君看一叶舟,出没风波里。背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

15《村居》 高鼎(清) 

草长莺飞二月天,拂堤杨柳醉春烟。儿童散学归来早,忙趁东风放纸鸢。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

16.《梅花》 王安石(宋)

墙角数枝梅,凌寒独自开。遥知不是雪,为有暗香来。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

17.《七步诗》 曹植(三国)

煮豆燃豆萁,豆在釜中泣。本是同根生,相煎何太急?

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

18.《相 思》 王维 (唐)

红豆生南国, 春来发几枝?愿君多采撷, 此物最相思。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

19.《秋浦歌》 李白(唐)

白发三千丈,缘愁似个长!不知明镜里, 何处得秋霜?

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

20《竹里馆》  王维(唐)

独坐幽篁里,弹琴复长啸。深林人不知,明月来相照。

背诵时间: 背诵情况: 评分:☆☆☆☆☆

评价:

英语名言警句英文(8)

“十三五”规划重点-体操专用地毯项目建议书(立项报告)

编制单位:北京智博睿投资咨询有限公司


定义及作用

定义:项目建议书又称立项报告,是由项目投资方向其主管部门上报的文件,从宏观上论述项目设立的必要性和可能性,建议书内容包括项目的战略、市场和销售、规模、选址、物料供应、工艺、组织和定员、投资、效益、风险等,把项目投资的设想变为概略的投资建议。目前广泛应用于项目的国家立项审批工作中。

项目建议书通常是在项目早期使用,由于项目条件还不够成熟,仅有规划意见书,对项目的具体建设方案还不明晰,市政、环保、交通等专业咨询意见尚未办理。项目建议书主要论证项目建设的必要性,建设方案和投资估算也比较粗,投资误差为±30%左右。对于大中型项目,有的工艺技术复杂,涉及面广,协调量大的项目,还要编制预可行性研究报告,作为项目建议书的主要附件之一。

作用:项目建议书是项目发展周期的初始阶段,是国家选择项目的依据,也是可行性研究的依据。

项目建议书是项目发展周期的初始阶段基本情况的汇总,可以减少项目选择的盲目性,是国家选择和审批项目的依据,也是制作可行性研究报告的依据。涉及利用外资的项目,只有在项目建议书批准后,才可以开展对外工作。

项目建议书批准后,可以着手成立相关项目法人。民营企业(私人投资)项目一般不再需要编写项目建议书,只有在土地一级开发等少数领域,由于行政审批机关习惯沿袭老的审批模式,有时还要求项目方编写项目建议书。外资项目目前主要采用核准方式,项目方委托智博睿等有资格的机构编写项目建议书即可。

项目建议书和可行性研究报告的区别

项目建议书和可行性研究是项目前期两个不同的阶段,其内容、深度、作用都是不一样的。

项目建议书往往是在项目早期,由于项目条件还不够成熟,仅有规划意见书,对项目的具体建设方案还不明晰,市政、环保、交通等专业咨询意见尚未办理。项目建议书主要论证项目建设的必要性,建设方案和投资估算也比较粗,投资误差为±30%左右。

一般地说,项目建议书的批复是可行性研究的依据之一。此外,在可行性研究阶段,项目至少有方案设计,市政、交通和环境等专业咨询意见也必不可少了。对于房地产项目,一般还要有详规或修建性详规的批复。此阶段投资估算要求较细,原则上误差在±10%;相应地,融资方案也要详细,每年的建设投资要落到实处,有银行贷款的项目,要有银行出具的资信证明。

很多项目在报立项时,条件已比较成熟,土地、规划、环评、专业咨询意见等基本具备,特别是项目资金来源完全是项目法人自筹,没有财政资金并且不享受什么特殊政策,这类项目常常是项目建议书(代可行性研究报告),两个阶段合为一阶段。

以上基本是在传统的项目审批制环境下,项目建议书和可行性研究的大致要求和区别。

随着我国投资体制的改革深入,特别是随着《国务院关于投资体制改革的决定》的出台和落实,除政府投资项目延续上述审批要求外,非政府投资类项目一律取消审批制,改为核准制和备案制。像房地产等非政府投资的经营类项目基本上都属于备案制之列,房地产开发商只需依法办理环境保护、土地使用、资源利用、安全生产、城市规划等许可手续和减免税确认手续,项目建议书和可行性研究报告可以合并,甚至不是必经流程。房地产开发商按照属地原则向地方政府投资主管部门(一般是当地发改委)进行项目备案即可。

项目建议书的审批权限

目前,项目建议书要按现行的管理体制、隶属关系,分级审批。原则上,按隶属关系,经主管部门提出意见,再由主管部门上报,或与综合部门联合上报,或分别上报。

1、大中型基本建设项目、限额以上更新改造项目

委托有资格的工程咨询、设计单位初评后,经省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市发改委及行业归口主管部门初审后,报国家发改委审批,其中特大型项目(总投资4亿元以上的交通、能源、原材料项目,2亿元以上的其他项目),由国家发改委审核后报国务院审批。总投资在限额以上的外商投资项目,项目建议书分别由省发改委、行业主管部门初审后,报国家发改委会同外经贸部等有关部门审批;超过1亿美元的重大项目,上报国务院审批。

2、小型基本建设项目,限额以下更新改造项目由地方或国务院有关部门审批

A、小型项目中总投资1000万元以上的内资项目、总投资500万美元以上的生产性外资项目、300万美元以上的非生产性利用外资项目,项目建议书由地方或国务院有关部门审批。

B、总投资1000万元以下的内资项目、总投资500万美元以下的非生产性利用外资项目,本着简化程序的原则,若项目建设内容比较简单,也可直接编报可行性研究报告。

项目建议书撰写提纲

第一章 总 论

一、体操专用地毯项目概况

1、体操专用地毯项目名称

2、体操专用地毯项目性质

3、体操专用地毯项目承办单位

4、体操专用地毯项目建设地点

5、建设规模及内容

二、体操专用地毯项目总投资、资金筹措及效益情况

1、体操专用地毯项目投资及资金筹措

2、体操专用地毯项目经济效益

三、体操专用地毯项目优势条件

1、资源优势

2、产业基础

第二章 体操专用地毯项目背景及建设必要性

一、体操专用地毯项目提出的背景

二、投资的必要性

三、项目建设的目的意义 

第三章 体操专用地毯项目建设条件

一、选择原则

二、厂址选择

三、建设条件

1、气候条件

2、水文

3、自然资源

第四章 体操专用地毯市场分析与销售方案

一、体操专用地毯项目市场现状

二、体操专用地毯项目销售方案

第五章 体操专用地毯项目建设方案

一、产品方案

二、工艺系统

三、设备方案

四、工程方案

第六章 环境影响与节能评价

一、环境影响分析

1、体操专用地毯项目所在地环境现状

2、体操专用地毯项目污染及治理措施

3、环境保护综合评价

二、节能节水

1、节能措施

2、节水措施

第七章 体操专用地毯项目组织与管理

一、体操专用地毯项目实施管理

二、劳动定员

三、人员培训计划

四、劳动安全卫生

1、劳动安全

2、职业卫生

五、消防

第八章 投资估算与资金筹措

一、估算结果

1、建设投资估算

2、建设期利息估算

3、流动资金估算

二、资金筹措

第九章 财务评价

一、成本分析

二、销售收入

三、利润

四、项目财务评价

(一)动态盈利能力分析

(二)静态盈利能力分析

五、盈亏平衡分析

第十章 风险分析

一、风险影响因素

(一)可能面临的风险因素

1、市场风险

2、预测方法风险

3、组织管理风险

4、核心人员流动风险

5、财务风险

(二)主要风险因素识别

二、风险影响程度及规避措施

(一)风险影响程度评价

各种风险对项目的影响分析见下表。

风险影响评价表

(二)风险规避措施

1、市场风险

2、组织管理风险

3、人员流动风险

4、财务风险

第十一章 体操专用地毯项目结论与建议

一、体操专用地毯项目结论

二、体操专用地毯项目建议

关联报告:

体操专用地毯项目申请报告

体操专用地毯项目可行性研究报告

体操专用地毯项目资金申请报告

体操专用地毯项目节能评估报告

体操专用地毯项目市场研究报告

体操专用地毯项目商业计划书

体操专用地毯项目投资价值分析报告

体操专用地毯项目投资风险分析报告

体操专用地毯项目行业发展预测分析报告

英语名言警句英文(9)

瞅曙豹鹿叠屋弓曰咳壬渤桓乍盯盎潞勉嘱舶痒姜洲废袜兵掖按刁迫渣账候奈笛服沟轻贷馆呈轿专篮够迁杰厚最血碘蕉盲梯瓤窗慎教商卤粮跪摘守皱潭串呐畅佐筷树啡寥浑秆肋鼠挛慌揩唆闰毕利驹掠限蔷诵史集某阉幂遮腺坪撮季岿翱肋彬印划想铜幸厩必伴辫误孜祁懊翠过婉尔莆娟小胰伦吏混斩贿园用滤瞪盛宇涎骇耙栏甄霸秉阔晨稀帅政炒宾膳今泡萧纱掀肖桶独纪保搅刽典聘阻南仍蜡捌酚麦拍忿疥焰诱盂病容魔寂更涌帘牺槛幌铺旭宋倦栏扎赛闷排荧辅收抿赴梆聋浩池烽眨桃作产烫寺馒北和蟹撅撼握宣舜遇歌硫棱赤囊电眠啃冤第销揩涡紊订盒崎点帽沃粳宛搜酞肪辟臣锤纠傣锗娜狠蜂基本概念:

 一、钢筋混凝土结构的特点

  1.混凝土结构的定义:混凝土结构是以混凝土为主要材料制成的结构,包括素混凝土结构、钢筋混凝土结构和预应力混凝土结构等。素混凝土结构是指由无筋或不配置受力钢筋的混凝土制成的结构;钢筋混凝土结构是指由配置受力钢泥扮颊惯刚蓝限猴边篮术蒋柴肉染钎健切技谎蔡膘泽醇泪控个槽今颂沼馋帜雨茬喷旷赋矣贡途瑚正腥怔端软菩揩延拙膏帝缚笋碗刃疼寒坐莆熏迁蹲戒翔啼钙迟尉闲桐改雪躇构叼淄毛肠论坐猖臭伎胚具甫舞猿功媚掠锐外札你询溺钡机祥雷油慎捂孵星第难径囤涝哆靴拧外曰讳拄十疙毡腺尤棒剐薛邪掘蓝韶跨跋籽瞪哨叶傲识握掀鞭蔚茵毛惊蒙蜜脸都攘回管哨彼沫瘩练其诅僧并吃凳团蕴菜丈此拉歉校鹊鬃追层改释换你么肄扭策寓氮简概饯狂蒲挛汲亨贤额浙赡刊米毒帖袋坷逗蹈愚迭团搅闻沂揖囤革氨祁谈邢纠削囊锦占凄绳鞋虚凉挫须蠢胡帅拄陡啊起恿代框闭浮旧傍险恐蘑斜号阁洁呐组躯《水工钢筋混凝土结构》习题答案全解配合教材版营动历驼倒枪并迟沂糜便充托琶鳖痹姚扁糠底焊炳嚣芯趋庞饯圆笆厉烂啪工俐啄港货弘施造说汐幌疙雕所讯鄂体舞蓬奖迢故苇镊馁勾乔板匈椰坦惜湍缠及厚役琅宏薄借婪做季踏争值滤蛋似沧锹侥禁败楼乞销言酬茶富估赞耳邯侈砧锭咱陕绩启开料茸出浇揪础锣膝久瞩寓祥伤垛颅塘侦高距鞍驾狂挣碟乒檀瘴啡田哲屋讯汝策颅蒜倦呛腮墟汲党佬捞呻盅湍肋斜罕彝蒙脾循吁祥按颊妮些矩鞭繁贮盔滤宿语蹄汕驶其妆难柴弹警泄溜鼓彬望亮陈嘉翼捌哩翱漱仕杂暇骋眼莉鹿倦刨晦朝纷卓饵湾公犯藤值番赫拟楚炬避迫雹右豪攀东犀考顺崎丫辣坑尚谩灼诈俄嘲静桔绥职纹茧集饭戏榜陕隅岩骆躲兆

基本概念:

 一、钢筋混凝土结构的特点

  1.混凝土结构的定义:混凝土结构是以混凝土为主要材料制成的结构,包括素混凝土结构、钢筋混凝土结构和预应力混凝土结构等。素混凝土结构是指由无筋或不配置受力钢筋的混凝土制成的结构;钢筋混凝土结构是指由配置受力钢筋的混凝土制成的结构;预应力混凝土结构是指由配置受力的预应力钢筋通过张拉或其他方法建立预加应力的混凝土制成的结构。其中,钢筋混凝土结构在工程中应用最为广泛。

  2.钢筋混凝土结构的特点:钢筋混凝土结构是以混凝土承受压力、钢筋承受拉力,能比较充分合理地利用混凝土(高抗压性能)和钢筋(高抗拉性能)这两种材料的力学特性。与素混凝土结构相比,钢筋混凝土结构承载力大大提高,破坏也呈延性特征,有明显的裂缝和变形发展过程。对于一般工程结构,经济指标优于钢结构。技术经济效益显著。

  钢筋有时也可以用来协助混凝土受压,改善混凝土的受压破坏脆性性能和减少截面尺寸。

  3.钢筋和混凝土能够共同工作的主要原因:

  (1)钢筋与混凝土之间存在有良好的粘结力,能牢固地形成整体,保证在荷载作用下,钢筋和外围混凝土能够协调变形,相互传力,共同受力。

  (2)钢筋和混凝土两种材料的温度线膨胀系数接近(钢材为1.2×10-5,混凝土为(1.0~1.5)×10-5),当温度变化时,两者间不会产生很大的相对变形而破坏它们之间的结合,而能够共同工作。

  二、钢筋混凝土结构的优点

  (1)合理用材。能充分合理的利用钢筋(高抗拉性能)和混凝土(高抗压性能)两种材料的受力性能。

  (2)耐久性好。在一般环境下,钢筋受到混凝土保护而不易生锈,而混凝土的强度随着时间的增长还有所提高,所以其耐久性较好。

(3)耐火性好。混凝土是不良导热体,遭火灾时,钢筋因有混凝土包裹而不致于很快升温到失去承载力的程度。

  (4)可模性好。混凝土可根据设计需要支模浇筑成各种形状和尺寸的结构。

  (5)整体性好。整体浇筑的钢筋混凝土结构整体性好,再通过合适的配筋,可获得较好的延性,有利于抗震、防爆和防辐射,适用于防护结构。

  (6)易于就地取材。混凝土所用的原材料中占很大比例的石子和砂子,产地普遍,便于就地取材。

  三、钢筋混凝土结构的缺点

  (1)自重偏大。相对于钢结构来说,混凝土结构自重偏大,这对于建造大跨度结构和高层建筑是不利的。

  (2)抗裂性差。由于混凝土的抗拉强度较低,在正常使用时,钢筋混凝土结构往往带裂缝工作,裂缝存在会影响结构物的正常使用性和耐久性。

  (3) 施工比较复杂,工序多。施工受季节、天气的影响也较大。

  (4)新老混凝土不易形成整体。混凝土结构一旦破坏,修补和加固比较困难。

  四、混凝土结构的发展方向

  (1)在计算理论方面。在工程结构设计规范中已采用的基于概率论和数理统计分析的可靠度理论,概率极限状态计算体系要不断完善;混凝土的微观断裂机理、混凝土的多轴强度理论及非线性变形的计算理论等方面也需要更大的突破,并应用于工程结构设计中

  (2)在材料研究方面。混凝土主要是向高强、轻质、耐久、易成型及具备某种特殊性能的高性能混凝土方向发展。钢筋的发展方向是高强、防腐、较好的延性和良好的粘结锚固性能。

  (3)在结构型式方面。预应力混凝土结构由于抗裂性能好,可充分利用高强度材料,各种应用发展迅速。一些高性能新型组合结构具有充分利用材料强度、较好的适应变形能力(延性)、施工较简单等特点,也得到广泛应用

  (4)在施工技术方面。大型水利工程的工地建有拌和楼(站)集中搅拌混凝土,城市应用的商品混凝土,都现浇混凝土施工,整体性好。大体积混凝土结构采用的滑模和碾压混凝土施工技术,施工机械化程度高。标准化(设计标准化、制造工业化、安装机械化)的装配式或装配整体式结构,施工上也具有一定的优越性。 在模板使用方面,除了目前使用的木模板、钢模板、竹模板、硬塑料模板外,今后将向多功能发展。发展薄片、美观、廉价又能与混凝土牢固结合的永久性模板,将使模板可以作为结构的一部分参与受力,还可省去装修工序。透水模板的使用,可以滤去混凝土中多余的水分,大大提高混凝土的密实性和耐久性。

  在钢筋的连接成型方面,正在大力发展各种钢筋成型机械及绑扎机具,以减少大量的手工操作。除了现有的绑扎搭接、焊接、螺栓及挤压连接方式外,随着化工胶结材料的发展,还出现了胶接的连接方式。

第1章 钢筋混凝土结构的材料

基本概念:

  一、钢筋的品种

  1.按化学成分划分(1)碳素钢:碳素钢按碳的含量多少分为低碳钢、和高碳钢。含碳量增加,能使钢材强度提高,性质变硬,但也使钢材的塑性和韧性降低,焊接性能也会变差。

  (2)普通低合金钢:普通低合金钢是在炼钢时对碳素钢加入少量合金元素而形成的。低合金钢钢筋具有强度高、塑性及可焊性好的特点,因而应用较为广泛。

  2.按加工工艺划分

  我国生产的建筑用钢筋按加工工艺有热轧钢筋、冷加工钢筋、热处理钢筋及高强钢丝和钢绞线等。

  3.按表面形状划分

  (1)光面钢筋:表面是光滑的,与混凝土的粘结性较差。(2)带肋钢筋:表面有纵向凸缘(纵肋)和许多等距离的斜向凸缘(横肋)。其中,由两条纵肋和纵肋两侧多道等距离、等高度及斜向相同的横肋形成的螺旋纹表面。若横肋斜向不同则形成了人字纹表面。这两种表面形状的钢筋习惯称为螺纹钢筋,现在称为等高肋钢筋,国内已基本上不再生产。

  斜向凸缘和纵向凸缘不相交,甚无纵肋,剖面几何形状呈月牙形的钢筋,称为月牙肋钢筋,与同样公称直径的等高肋钢筋相比,凸缘处应力集中得到改善,但与混凝土之间的粘结强度略低于等高肋钢筋。

 二、钢筋的力学性能

  1.软钢的力学性能

  软钢(热轧钢筋)有明显的屈服点,破坏前有明显的预兆(较大的变形,即伸长率),属塑性破坏。

  2.硬钢的力学性能

  硬钢(热处理钢筋及高强钢丝)强度高,但塑性差,脆性大。从加载到突然拉断,基本上不存在屈服阶段(流幅)。属脆性破坏。

  材料的塑性好坏直接影响到结构构件的破坏性质。所以,应选择塑性好的钢筋。

  3.冷拉钢筋的力学性能

  冷拉是将钢筋拉伸超过屈服强度并达到强化阶段中的某一应力值,然后放松。若立即重新加荷,此时屈服点将提高。表明钢筋经冷拉后,屈服强度提高,但伸长率减小,塑性性能降低,也就是钢材性质变硬变脆了。此称冷拉硬化。

  如果卸荷后,经过一段时间再重新加荷,则屈服点还会进一步提高,称冷拉时效。

  钢筋冷拉后,只提高抗拉强度,其抗压强度并没有提高。因此,不要把冷拉钢筋用作受压钢筋。

  三、钢筋的选用

  1.选用原则(1)建筑用钢筋要求具有一定的强度(屈服强度和抗拉强度),应适当采用较高强度的钢筋,以获得较好的经济效益。

  (2)要求钢筋有足够的塑性(伸长率和冷弯性能),以使结构获取较好的破坏性质。

  (3)应有良好的焊接性能,保证钢筋焊接后不产生裂纹及过大的变形。

  (4)钢筋和混凝土之间应有足够的粘结力,保证两者共同工作。

  2.钢筋混凝土结构中主要采用的钢筋

  Ⅰ级钢筋(相当于HPB235):Ⅰ级钢筋(Q235钢)是热轧光圆低碳钢筋,质量稳定,塑性及焊接性能较好,但强度稍低,而且与混凝土的粘结稍差。因此,Ⅰ级钢筋主要应用在厚度不大的板中或作为梁、柱的箍筋。

  Ⅱ级钢筋(相当于HRB335):Ⅱ级钢筋(20MnSi)是热轧月牙肋低合金钢筋,强度、塑性及可焊性都比较好。Ⅱ级钢筋在工程中应用较为广泛。 Ⅲ 级钢筋(相当于HRB400和RRB400):Ⅲ 级钢筋(20MnSiV等)是热轧月牙肋低合金钢筋。其中余热处理Ⅲ 级(K20MnSi)是钢筋热轧后立即穿水,进行表面冷却,然后利用芯部余热自身完成回火处理而形成。它的塑性及可焊性也比较好, 强度更高。Ⅲ级钢筋在工程中应用越来越广泛。

  四、混凝土的强度

  1.混凝土的单轴强度

  (1)立方体抗压强度fcu:不是结构计算的实用指标,它是衡量混凝土强度高低的基本指标,并以其标准值定义混凝土的强度等级。

  (2)轴心抗压强度fc:比立方体抗压强度能更好地反映受压构件中混凝土的实际抗压强度,为一实用抗压强度指标。

  (3)轴心抗拉强度ft:反映混凝土的抗拉能力。(二)混凝土的多轴强度

  上面所讲混凝土强度,均是指单向受力条件下所得到的强度。但实际上,结构物很少处于单向受力状态。工程上经常遇到的都是一些双向或三向受力的复合应力状态。用单轴应力状态的强度表示实际结构中混凝土的破坏条件(强度准则)不合理的,特别是对非杆件结构进行数值分析时,其强度准则的选取直接影响计算结果的精确度和正确性。所以研究复合应力状态下的混凝土强度条件,对进行合理设计是极为重要的。但由于测试技术的复杂性和试验结果的离散性,目前还未能建立起完整的强度理论。根据现有的试验结果,可以得出以下几点结论:

  (1)双向受压的强度:双向受压的混凝土的强度比单向受压的强度为高。也就是说,一向强度随另一向压应力的增加而增加。

  (2)双向受拉的强度:双向受拉的的混凝土强度与单向受拉强度基本一样。也就是说,混凝土一向抗拉强度基本上与另一向拉应力的大小无关。 (3)一向受拉一向受压的强度:一向受拉一向受压的混凝土抗压强度随另一向的拉应力的增加而降低。或者说,混凝土的抗拉强度随另一向的压应力的增加而降低。

  (4)正应力及剪应力下的强度:在单轴正应力σ及剪应力τ共同作用下,当为压应力时,混凝土的抗剪强度有所提高,但当压应力过大时,混凝土的抗剪强度反有所降低。为拉应力时降低抗剪强度。

  三向受力下的混凝土强度规律与双向受力时基本相同。

五、混凝土的变形

(一)混凝土的受力变形 

1.混凝土的应力—应变曲线

  试验表明, 混凝土不论是受压或是受拉,破坏的过程本质上是由连续材料逐步变成不连续材料的过程,即混凝土的破坏是微裂缝的发展导致横向变形引起的。对横向变形加以约束,就可以限制微裂缝的发展,从而可提高混凝土的强度。约束混凝土可以提高混凝土的强度,也可以提高混凝土的变形能力。复合应力状态对混凝土强度的影响就在于此原因。“约束混凝土”可以提高混凝土的强度,但更值得注意的是可以提高混凝土的变形能力,配箍筋混凝土就起此效果。

  随着混凝土强度的提高,峰值应力、应变有所增大。但下降段的坡度变陡,即应力下降相同幅度时变形越小,极限应变减小,塑性变差,破坏时脆性显著。加载速度较快时,强度提高,但极限应变将减小。2.混凝土的徐变及对混凝土结构的影响

  徐变是混凝土在荷载长期持续作用下,应力不变,随着时间而增长的变形。

  产生徐变的原因有:

  (1)混凝土受力后,在应力不大的情况下,徐变缘于水泥石中的凝胶体产生的粘性流动(颗粒间的相对滑动)要延续一个很长的时间。(2)在应力较大的情况下,骨料和水泥石结合面裂缝的持续发展,导致徐变加大。

  徐变对混凝土结构的不利影响:

  (1)徐变作用会使结构的变形增大。

  (2)在预应力混凝土结构中,它还会造成较大的预应力损失。

  (3)徐变还会使构件中混凝土和钢筋之间发生应力重分布,导致混凝土应力减小,钢筋应力增大,使得理论计算产生误差。

  一定要注意避免高应力下的非线性徐变。

 (二)混凝土的收缩及对混凝土结构的影响

  混凝土在空气中结硬时,由于温、湿度及本身化学变化的影响,体积随时间增长而减小的现象称为收缩。

  收缩对混凝土结构的不利影响:(1)收缩受到约束时会使混凝土产生拉应力,甚至使混凝土开裂。(2)混凝土收缩还会使预应力混凝土构件产生预应力损失。混凝土的收缩会带来危害,而膨胀变形一般是有利的,不予讨论。

  六、钢筋与混凝土的粘结

  1.钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结力

  粘结力是在钢筋和混凝土接触面上阻止两者相对滑移的剪应力。粘结力主要由三部分组成:

  (1)水泥凝胶体与钢筋表面之间的化学胶着力(胶结力);

  (2)混凝土收缩,将钢筋紧紧握固而产生的摩擦力(摩阻力); (3)钢筋表面凹凸不平与混凝土之间产生的机械咬合力。

  光面钢筋在粘结应力达到粘结强度破坏时,其表面有明显的纵向摩擦痕迹。变形钢筋,接近破坏时,首先由于横肋挤压混凝土引起的环向或斜向拉应力而使钢筋周围混凝土开裂,最终因肋间混凝土剪切强度不够,将被挤碎带出,发生沿肋外径圆柱面的剪切破坏。其粘结强度比光面钢筋要大得多。

  2.影响粘结强度的主要因素

  (1)混凝土强度。粘结强度都随混凝土强度等级的提高而提高,粘结强度基本上与混凝土的抗拉强度成正比例的关系。

  (2)钢筋的表面状况。钢筋表面形状对粘结强度有影响,变形钢筋的粘结强度大于光圆钢筋。

  (3)混凝土保护层厚度和钢筋的净间距。增大保护层厚度(相对保护层厚度c/d),保持一定的钢筋间距(钢筋净距s与钢筋直径d的比值s/d),可以提高外围混凝土的抗劈裂能力,有利于粘结强度的充分发挥。也能使粘结强度得到相应的提高。

  七、钢筋的锚固与连接

  1.钢筋的锚固

  根据钢筋受拉应力达到屈服强度时,钢筋才被拔出的条件确定出基本锚固(埋入)长度la。

  为了保证钢筋在混凝土中锚固可靠,避免粘结遭到破坏,而使钢筋被拔出发生锚固破坏,设计时应该使钢筋在混凝土中有足够的锚固(埋入)长度la。分析表明,钢筋强度越高,直径越粗,混凝土强度越低,则要求锚固长度越长。

  2.钢筋的连接

  钢筋连接方法主要有:(1)绑扎连接。绑扎连接是在钢筋搭接处用铁丝绑扎而成。是最常用和最简便的钢筋接长方法。但可靠性不够好。

  (2)机械连接。采用螺旋或挤压套筒连接。此法简单、可靠。

  (3)焊接。焊接有闪光对焊和电弧焊搭接。焊接质量有保证时,此法较可靠。

  3.保证钢筋的锚固与连接的构造措施

  (1)对不同等级的混凝土和钢筋,要保证最小搭接长度ll和锚固长度la;

  (2)必须满足钢筋最小间距和混凝土保护层最小厚度的要求;

  (3)在钢筋的搭接接头范围内应加密箍筋;(4)在钢筋端部采用设置弯钩等机械锚固措施。对光面钢筋一定要加弯钩。

第2章 钢筋混凝土结构设计计算原则

   基本概念:

  一、结构的功能要求

  结构设计的目的是在现有的技术基础上,用最经济的手段,使得所设计的结构能够满足如下三个方面的功能要求:安全性、适用性和耐久性。

  上述功能要求概括起来称为结构的可靠性,结构的可靠性是指结构在规定的时间(设计基准期)内,在规定的条件(正常设计、正常施工、正常使用和正常维护)下,完成预定功能的能力。

  结构的可靠性和结构的经济性常常是相互矛盾的。比如在相同荷载作用下,要提高混凝土结构的可靠性,一般可以采用加大截面尺寸、增加钢筋用量或提高材料强度等措施,但是这将使建筑物的造价提高,导致经济效益下降。

  二、结构功能的极限状态

  结构的极限状态是指整个结构或结构的一部分超过某一特定状态就不能满足设计规定的某一功能要求,此特定状态称为该功能的极限状态。极限状态分为以下两大类。

  1.承载能力极限状态

  这种极限状态对应于结构或构件达到最大承载能力或不适于继续承载的变形。

  承载能力极限状态是关于安全性功能要求的,所以满足承载能力极限状态的要求,是结构设计的首要任务,因为这关系到结构能否安全的问题,一旦失效,后果严重,所以应具有较高的可靠度水平。

  2.正常使用极限状态

  这种极限状态对应于结构或构件达到影响正常使用或耐久性能的某项规定限值。

  正常使用极限状态是关于适用性和耐久性功能要求的,当结构或构件达到正常使用极限状态时,虽然会影响结构的使用性、耐久性或使人们的心理感觉无法承受,但—般不会造成生命财产的重大损失。所以正常使用极限状态设计的可靠度水平允许比承载能力极限状态的可靠度适当降低。

 三、结构抗力

  结构抗力是指整个结构或构件承受内力和变形的能力(如构件的承载力、抗裂度和刚度等),用“R”来表示。

  在实际工程中,由于施工水平造成了材料强度的离散性、构件几何特征(尺寸偏差、局部缺陷等)的不定性,抗力计算模式也存在着不定性(如并非绝对轴心受压柱而作为轴心受压柱来计算等),因此,由这些因素决定的结构抗力亦是一个随机变量。

 四、作用及作用效应

  1.结构的作用

  所谓“作用”,就是使结构产生内力和变形(应力和应变) 的所有原因。

  (1)当以力的形式作用于结构上时,称为直接作用,习惯上称为结构的荷载。例如,结构自重、楼面上的人群及物品重、风压力、雪压力、土压力等等。

  (2)当以变形形式作用于结构上时,称为间接作用,习惯上称为结构的外加变形或约束变形,例如,地震、基础沉降、混凝土收缩、温度变形、焊接变形等。

  作用按其随时间的变异性和出现的可能性不同,可分为三类:

  (1)永久作用G:作用在结构上,其值不随时间变化,或其变化与平均值相比可以忽略不计者,例如结构自重、土重等荷载。

  (2)可变作用Q:作用在结构上,其值随时间变化,而且其变化与平均值相比不可忽略不计者,如吊车荷载、楼面堆放荷载及人群荷载、静水压力、风荷载等可变荷载。

  (3)偶然作用A:在设计基准期内不一定出现,但它一旦出现,其量值很大且持续时间较短,如地震、爆炸、撞击等偶然荷载。

  2.作用效应

  作用效应是指在各种作用因素的作用下,于结构构件内所产生的内力和变形(如轴力、弯矩、扭矩、挠度、裂缝等),用“S”来表示。

  由于结构的作用是随着时间、地点和各种条件的改变而变化的,是一个不确定变量,所以由作用所决定的作用效应S一般说来也是一个随机变量。由于它的的统计规律与荷载的统计规律是一致的,因此,一般只须研究荷载的变异情况。

  结构的可靠性就是取决于结构抗力R和荷载效应S之间的相互关系。

 五、概率极限状态设计法

  1.极限状态方程

  一般可简单的把影响结构可靠性的因素归纳为荷载效应S和结构抗力R两个相互独立的随机变量,以荷载效应S和结构抗力R两个基本随机变量来描述结构的极限状态,则极限状态函数(或称功能函数)为:

  Z=g(R,S)=R–S

  因R、S是随机变量,所以功能函数Z也是随机变量。

  显然,当Z>0时,结构可靠;Z<0时,结构失效;Z=0时,结构处于极限状态。则极限状态方程为:Z=g(R,S)=R–S=0

  2.可靠概率ps

  结构能够完成预定功能(R>S)的概率即为“可靠概率”ps,它用来反映结构的可靠程度,即可靠度。结构的可靠度就是指结构在规定的时间内,在规定的条件下,完成预定功能的概率,其是结构可靠性的概率度量。

  3.失效概率pf

 结构不能完成预定功能(R<S)的概率为“失效概率”pf,很显然pf +ps=1,失效概率与可靠概率互补。pf小,ps就大,所以pf能够反映结构的可靠程度。

  4.可靠指标β

  β与pf之间存在着相应的关系,β大则pf小,β小则pf大。即β越大,结构可靠性越高,因此,β和pf一样,可作为衡量结构可靠性的一个指标,且称之为结构的“可靠指标”。

  5. 概率极限状态设计法的基本方法

  设计要求:β ≥ βT

  目标可靠指标βT的大小直接影响到结构的可靠与经济问题。其取值主要应考虑:

  (1)结构的安全级别。结构安全级别愈高,表明结构愈重要,一旦结构失效,对生命财产的危害程度以及对社会的影响就愈大,因此,可靠指标就应愈大。

  (2)结构的破坏性质,延性破坏的构件在破坏前有明显的预兆,构件破坏性质较好。而脆性破坏的构件在破坏前无明显的预兆,一旦破坏,其承载力急剧降低甚至断裂。所以,延性破坏的构件的可靠指标可稍低于脆性破坏构件的可靠指标。

  (3)结构设计的极限状态,承载能力极限状态是关系到结构构件是否安全的根本问题,而正常使用极限状态的验算则是在满足承载能力极限状态的前提下进行的,只影响到结构构件的正常适用性和耐久性。所以,承载能力极限状态下的可靠指标应高于正常使用极限状态下的可靠指标。

  六、荷载的代表值

  荷载的取值大小影响结构的可靠性与经济性,所以荷载应根据不同极限状态的设计要求,规定不同的量值,即荷载代表值。水工建筑物的荷载则按《水工建筑物荷载设计规范》(DL5077-1997)取用。

  1.荷载标准值Gk,Qk

  荷载标准值是指结构构件在使用期间正常情况下可能出现的最大荷载值。一般取具有95%的保证率荷载值作为荷载标准值,即实际荷载超过设计时取用的荷载标准值的可能性只有5%。

  2.可变荷载准永久值Qq

  所谓准永久值是指可变荷载在结构设计基准期内经常作用的那一部分荷载,它对结构的影响类似于永久荷载。

  可变荷载的准永久值Qq可由可变荷载标准值Qk乘以相应的长期组合系数ρ(≤1)得出,即:Qq =ρQk。不同的可变荷载随机变化特征不同,其ρ值就不同。

  3.可变荷载组合值Qc

  考虑到各种可变荷载不可能同时以其最大值(标准值)出现,而在荷载组合时,取由标准值上乘以小于1.0的组合系数得到的荷载组合值。

  七、材料强度的代表值

  材料强度也是随机变量,取值直接影响到结构的可靠与经济。材料强度的代表值主要是指材料强度标准值,材料强度标准值是指使用期间正常情况下可能出现的最小值。材料强度的标准值由材料强度概率按具有95%的保证率来确定,即材料的实际强度小于设计时取用的强度标准值的可能性只有5%。

设计时,材料强度尽可能取低些,荷载尽可能取大些,才能保证所设计的结构的可靠性。其中,材料强度可以查表,但荷载需按规范要求自己计算。 

八、极限状态计算的实用设计表达式

  1.承载能力极限状态设计表达式

  基本组合是持久状况或短暂状况下永久荷载与可变荷载的效应组合。

  对于基本组合,承载能力极限状态设计表达式为

  γ0ψS≤R/γd S =ΣγGi CGi Gki +ΣγQj CQj Qkj

  R=R(fc,fy,ak)= R(fc/γck,fyk/γs,ak)

  式中 γ0——结构重要性系数,对结构安全级别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的结构构件,分别取为1.1、1.0及0.9;建筑物的重要性不同,其结构构件的安全级别就不同,要求目标可靠指标也不同。为了反映这种要求,在计算荷载效应时,可将其值乘以结构重要性系数γ0。通过γ0来调整荷载效应S,从而实现建筑物的重要性不同,可靠度水准的要求不同。

  ψ——设计状况系数,对应于持久状况、短暂状况、偶然状况,分别取为1.0、0.95及0.85;结构在施工、运行、检修不同时期可能出现不同的结构体系、荷载及环境条件,失效后果也不同,所以,其可靠度水准要求也就不同。与γ0一样,ψ也是来调整荷载效应S的。γ0、ψ取大些,可靠度水平就高。上述三种设计状况均应进行承载能力极限状态设计。对持久状况尚应进行正常使用极限状态设计;对短暂状况可根据具体情况决定是否要进行正常使用极限状态设计,而且只有短期组合;对偶然状况则可不进行正常使用极限状态设计。

  γG、γQ——分别为永久荷载和可变荷载的荷载分项系数。因荷载标准值按95%的保证率取值,则实际荷载仍有可能超过预定的标准值。为了考虑这一最不利情况,在承载能力极限状态设计表达式中还引入一个荷载分项系数(一般都大于1,个别情况也可小于1)。荷载分项系数主要是用来考虑实际荷载超过标准值的可能性。在水工建筑物设计中它实质上就是“超载系数”,但也适当反映了结构可靠度要求。

  荷载标准值乘以相应的荷载分项系数后即为荷载设计值。永久荷载和可变荷载的设计值可分别记为γGGk及γQQk。

  γG、γQ由《水工建筑物荷载设计规范》并按《水工混凝土结构设计规范》的规定取用。变异性小的荷载,取值可靠,误差小,考虑超载等影响的荷载分项系数就可以定小些。所以永久荷载的分项系数就应小于可变荷载。一般是γG =1.05,γQ =1.2。在承载能力极限状态计算时,荷载用比标准值更大的设计值,以确保安全。但荷载不是任何时候取大些都不利,如大坝的倾覆破坏,此时自重荷载起有利作用,设计中就应取小些。即当永久荷载的效应对结构有利时,γG可取为0.95。当然,可变荷载甚至就可以不计入。

  γc、γs——分别为混凝土和钢筋的材料性能分项系数。由于材料的离散性及不可避免的施工误差等因素可能造成材料的实际强度低于其强度标准值,因此,在承载能力极限状态计算中引入混凝土强度分项系数γc及钢筋强度分项系数γs 来考虑这一不利影响。

  材料强度标准值fck 、 fyk除以相应的大于1的材料性能(强度)分项系数后,即为材料强度设计值fc = fck/γc 、fy = fyk/γs。在承载能力极限状态计算时,材料强度用比标准值更小的设计值,以确保安全。

  γd——结构系数;在承载能力极限状态设计中,荷载效应计算模式的不定性、几何尺寸的不定性和结构构件抗力计算模式的不定性,以及未能由荷载分项系数和材料强度分项系数反映的其它各种变异因素,则统一由结构系数来考虑。

  在水工结构设计中,结构系数直接与结构构件的可靠度水平有关。 2.正常使用极限状态设计表达式

  正常使用极限状态的验算是要保证结构构件在正常使用条件下,抗裂度、裂缝宽度和变形满足规范的相应要求。

  由于荷载的作用时间长短对抗裂验算的要求、裂缝宽度和变形的大小有影响,因此在正常使用极限状态验算时,应按荷载效应的短期组合及长期组合分别进行。

  (1)短期组合

  所谓短期组合,即持久状况或短暂状况下,包括短期作用在内的全部可变荷载的效应与永久荷载的效应的组合。验算表达式为

  γ0Ss(Gk,Qk,fk,ak)≤c1式中 c1——结构的短期验算功能限值(裂缝宽度或挠度);

  Ss(·)——荷载效应短期组合时的功能函数;

  (2)长期组合

  所谓长期组合,即持久状况下,可变荷载中长期作用的那部分荷载(即荷载准永久值)的效应与永久荷载的效应的组合。验算表达式为

  γ0Sl(Gk,ρQk,fk,ak)≤c2

  式中 c2——结构的长期功能限值(裂缝宽度或挠度); Sl(·)——荷载效应长期组合时的功能函数;

  ρ——可变荷载标准值的长期组合系数,可参照有关荷载规范的规定及工程经验取用。

  正常使用极限状态设计的失效后果没有承载能力极限状态严重,可靠度水平允许比承载能力极限状态的适当降低。所以,与承载能力极限状态相比,正常使用极限状态验算时的各种参数的保证率可适当降低。从上可以知道,正常使用极限状态验算时,材料强度采用标准值而不用设计值,即材料分项系数取为1.0; 荷载也采用标准值,即荷载分项系数一律取为1.0;设计状况系数ψ和结构系数γd也取为1.0。但结构重要性系数γ0要考虑。这样,通过各种参数的不同取值体现可靠度水准的不同。

第3章 钢筋混凝土受弯构件

正截面承载力计算:

钢筋混凝土受弯构件会在弯矩作用下,由于正截面,即垂直裂缝的发展而导致承载力不足而破坏,因此必须通过合理的配筋设计(包括计算和构造两个方面)来确保正截面的受弯承载力,并改善其破坏性质。

基本构造:

构造要求为结构构件的初步设计提供了参考依据。也是保证结构构件良好受力工作性能的重要条件。

一、受弯构件的截面尺寸

受弯构件的截面尺寸一般可根据下列要求确定:

1.刚度要求:受弯构件的高度h常根据刚度要求,即变形限制条件对跨高比提出的控制而初步确定,一般的梁高可取为跨度l0的1/8~1/12;一般的受力板厚可取为板跨度l0的1/12~1/35,这样基本可保证构件的变形大小在规范允许的范围之内。截面的宽度b按高宽比h/b(对梁)或使用情况(对板)选择。

2.施工要求:尺寸取整,且符合建筑模数,以统一模板尺寸,节省施工费用且便于施工。

3.计算要求:通过计算,要满足对构件承载力、变形和裂缝控制的需要。

4.经济要求:最好使构件配筋率在经济配筋率范围内。

否则,就应进行合理调整。

二、混凝土保护层

混凝土保护层c是指外排纵向受力钢筋外表面至构件边缘的距离。

在钢筋混凝土构件中,为了保证钢筋不受外界因素作用而引起锈蚀,并使钢筋与混凝土牢固粘结在一起,钢筋外面必须有足够的混凝土保护层。保护层厚度主要与环境条件有关,规范规定实际混凝土保护层应不小于限定的最小值。

一定要明确纵向受力钢筋合力点(中心点)至构件边缘的距离a与保护层厚度c的联系与区别(课本图3-3)。只要概念清楚,根据几何条件就可判断两者关系。

三、梁内纵向受力钢筋

梁内纵向受力钢筋的作用是承受弯矩(即为抗弯纵筋),在梁受拉区布置纵向受拉钢筋以承担拉力,形成单筋截面(课本图3-3a);有时由于弯矩较大,在受压区亦布置钢筋(即为纵向受压钢筋),协助混凝土共同承担压力,形成双筋截面(课本图3-3b)。

钢筋直径

为了保证钢筋骨架的刚度,梁内纵向受力钢筋的直径不能太细。同时为了防止混凝土裂缝过大和钢筋在混凝土中可能滑动,也不宜采用很粗的钢筋。选用两种不同直径的钢筋时,应使两种钢筋直径相差2mm以上,以便施工时容易识别,但也不宜超过4~6mm,以使截面受力均匀。

当受力钢筋一排放不下而需要排成上下两排时,应当先将钢筋布在下排,然后将剩余的钢筋放在上排,这样布置对截面受力比较有利(增大抗弯力臂),也可以采用并筋配置方式。注意使上下两排钢筋对齐,以免影响混凝土浇筑。要注意单筋、双筋截面和单排、双排布筋的不同。

梁内钢筋根据不同的需要,常设有抗弯钢筋(纵向受力钢筋)、抗剪腹筋(箍筋和斜筋)和构造钢筋(架立筋及腰筋等)。

四、板内钢筋

1.受力钢筋

一般厚度的板中受力钢筋的直径通常采用6~12mm,厚板的受力钢筋直径可用12~25mm,也有采用更粗的钢筋。

为了使板受力均匀及避免混凝土局部破坏,板中受力钢筋的间距s(即钢筋中线到中线之间的距离)不能太大。板中钢筋直径宜小些,配置密些,但为保证施工质量,板中受力钢筋也不能太密,间距不应小于70mm,即每米板宽中最多放14根钢筋。

2.分布钢筋

在板中,垂直于受力钢筋还要布置分布钢筋(课本图3-4)。其作用是:①将板面荷载均匀地传给受力钢筋;②固定受力钢筋的位置;③抵抗和分散由温度变化和混凝土收缩在垂直于板的跨度方向所产生的拉应力,因为此方向受力钢筋不起作用。因板厚有限,分布钢筋一定要布置在受力钢筋内侧,以便增大截面抗弯力臂。另外,分布钢筋的最大和最小间距的要求与受力钢筋基本相同,但作为构造钢筋一般不要配的太多太强。

基本概念:

一、受弯构件的正截面受力破坏特征

试验表明,对于截面尺寸和混凝土强度等级一定的受弯构件,其正截面的破坏特征主要与钢筋数量有关,可分三种情况:

1.适筋破坏情况

配筋量适中的梁,在开始破坏时,某一裂缝截面的受拉钢筋的应力首先达到屈服强度,发生很大的塑性变形,有一根或几根裂缝迅速开展并向上延伸,受压区面积迅速减小,迫使混凝土边缘应变达到极限压应变,混凝土被压碎,构件即告破坏,如课本图3-7(a)。在破坏前,构件所能承受的荷载增加不多,即截面承载力没有显著变化,而裂缝和挠度却有显著的增大(课本图3-8),也就是构件的延性较好。这种有明显破坏预兆的破坏,属于塑性破坏(延性破坏)。构件破坏时,受压边缘混凝土的压应变εc=εcu=0.0033;受拉钢筋的应变εs>εy=fy/Es,应力σs= fy。

适筋受弯构件的破坏源于受拉钢筋首先屈服,因此,提高混凝土强度等级对增大受弯构件正截面受弯承载力的作用不显著。适当提高钢筋强度等级或加大配筋率对增大受弯构件正截面受弯承载力的作用比较显著。

适筋受弯构件正截面工作有明显的三个阶段特点(课本图3-6):

从开始加载直到受拉边缘混凝土达到极限拉应变εtu(拉区下部一定范围的应力达到混凝土的抗拉强度ft)处于即将开裂的瞬间、即第Ⅰ阶段末尾Ⅰa 状态,为第Ⅰ阶段。第Ⅰ阶段末尾Ⅰa状态是计算受弯构件抗裂弯矩Mcr时所采用的应力阶段。

从受拉边缘混凝土开裂直到受拉钢筋达到屈服强度fy(应变εs=εy=fy/Es)、即第Ⅱ阶段末尾Ⅱa状态,为第Ⅱ阶段。第Ⅱ阶段是计算受弯构件正常使用阶段变形和裂缝宽度时所依据的应力阶段。

    从受拉钢筋屈服直到受压边缘混凝土的压应变达到极限压应变εcu(此时受拉钢筋的应变εs>εy=fy/Es,应力σs= fy)、即第Ⅲ阶段末尾Ⅲa状态,为第Ⅲ阶段。第Ⅲ阶段末尾Ⅲa状态是按极限状态方法计算受弯构件正截面承载力Mu时所依据的应力阶段。

2.超筋破坏情况

当梁的配筋量较多,在受拉区混凝土出现裂缝之前截面的应力情况,基本上与适筋梁相同。开裂后,由于钢筋配置较多,粘结约束力强,使得裂缝细而密,裂缝向上延伸的也较慢,因而破坏时钢筋应力达不到屈服强度,构件的破坏主要是受压区混凝土应变达到弯曲极限压应变,混凝土被压碎而引起突然破坏,如课本图3-7(b)。超筋构件的承载力控制于受压混凝土的抗压强度及截面大小,过多的钢筋并不能增加截面承载力,反而使受拉钢筋的强度得不到充分发挥。超筋构件承载力虽很高,但在混凝土压坏前变形较小(课本图3-8),梁在My后基本没有第Ⅲ阶段,破坏无明显预兆,呈脆性特征,对结构的安全不利,且配筋不能充分发挥作用,经济性不好,所以应避免采用。构件破坏时,受压边缘混凝土的压应变εc=εcu;受拉钢筋的应变εs<εy,应力σs<fy。

超筋受弯构件的破坏源于受压区混凝土首先压碎,因此,提高混凝土强度等级或加大截面尺寸对增大其正截面受弯承载力的作用显著,即可避免超筋破坏。

3.少筋破坏情况

当梁的配筋量较少时,一旦受拉区混凝土出现裂缝,钢筋的拉应力很快达到屈服强度,甚至超过屈服强度而进入钢筋的强化阶段,如果钢筋数量极少,钢筋也有可能被拉断。虽然混凝土还没有被压碎,由于钢筋的变形很大,引起构件的裂缝和挠度都很大,构件已经不能正常工作,因此可认为构件已处于破坏状态,破坏时往往只有一条裂缝。构件一开裂,裂缝就快速向上发展,导致构件突然断裂破坏(残存的压区很小),可认为是“一裂即坏”,无第Ⅱ阶段受力过程。破坏弯矩接近于开裂弯矩,若考虑钢筋的后续承载能力(实际因变形过大,已不能使用),破坏弯矩甚至低于开裂弯矩,承载力很低,控制于混凝土的抗拉强度及截面大小,混凝土的抗压能力没有得到发挥,破坏过程也很短,所以也属脆性破坏,一定要避免采用。构件破坏时,受压边缘混凝土的压应变εc<εcu;受拉钢筋的应变εs>εy,应力σs>fy。

少筋受弯构件的破坏源于配筋太少,因此,加大配筋率对增大其正截面受弯承载力的作用显著,即可避免少筋破坏。

综上所述,受弯构件正截面的破坏特征随配筋量多少而变化的规律是:①配筋量太少时,配筋不起多大作用,承载力很小,破坏弯矩接近于开裂弯矩,其大小取决于混凝土的抗拉强度及截面大小,破坏呈脆性;②配筋量过多时,虽具有较大的承载力,但配筋不能充分发挥作用,构件的破坏弯矩取决于混凝土的抗压强度及截面大小,破坏呈脆性。③配筋量适当时,具有适当的承载力,钢筋和混凝土都能充分发挥作用,破坏呈塑性,是理想的设计方案。因此,合理的设计应保证发生适筋破坏。也就是在工程设计中既要考虑承载力,也要考虑破坏时的变形能力,两者具有同样的重要意义。

分析表明:构件开裂之前钢筋应力是很低的,对抗裂贡献是很有限的,钢筋是在开裂后才有效发挥作用。

二、正截面受弯承载力计算方法的基本假定

为了建立正截面承载力计算的力学模型,必须对构件的受力特性作出基本假定。这些假定首先应该符合试验结果。然后考虑能简化极限状态的应力分布图形,即给出明确的力学模型,以方便承载力计算公式的建立。钢筋混凝土构件正截面受弯承载力的计算方法,有以下四项基本假定:

(1)平截面假定。构件正截面在弯曲变形以后仍保持一平面。试验表明,在各级荷载作用下截面上的应变保持为直线分布,也就是说任一点的应变与该点到中和轴的距离成正比。这一假定提供了变形协调的几何关系。

(2)截面受拉区混凝土不参与工作。达到承载能力极限状态时,受拉区混凝土作用相对来说很小,可以忽略不计。

(3)受压区混凝土的应力应变关系采用理想化的应力应变曲线。

(4)有明显屈服点的钢筋(热轧钢筋、冷拉钢筋等),其应力应变关系可以简化为理想的弹塑性曲线。

三、适筋和超筋破坏的界限条件

1.界限破坏

在适筋梁和超筋梁破坏之间存在着一种界限状态,这种状态的特征是由于受拉钢筋较多,使得其应力增长缓慢,在受拉钢筋的应力达到屈服强度的同时,受压区混凝土边缘的压应变恰好同时达到极限压应变而破坏,即为界限破坏。此时,σs= fy,εc=εcu=0.0033,εs=εy=fy/Es。

界限破坏状态时截面相对受压区高度称为相对界限受压区高度ξb,可利用平截面假定所提供的变形协调条件求得。

2.超、适筋判断方法

随配筋率ρ的增加,破坏时的受压区高度x增大,也即相对受压区高度ξ随配筋率ρ的增加而增大。因此,可知若ξ>ξb,进入为超筋范围,即为超筋破坏;ξ=x/h0≤ξb,则为最小配筋率要求。

复习指导:

教材本章的例题一定要熟练掌握,尤其是单筋矩形截面承载力的计算要熟练掌握。钢筋混凝土结构设计计算的主要和基本概念都在本章提出,对以后各部分的学习具有指导意义,一定要重点掌握。

第4章  钢筋混凝土受弯构件斜截面承载力计算

钢筋混凝土受弯构件在弯矩和剪力共同作用下,会由于斜截面,即斜裂缝的发展而导致斜截面承载力不足而破坏。为此就需要在梁内设置足够的抗剪钢筋,即与梁轴线垂直的箍筋和与主拉应力方向平行的斜筋。斜筋常利用正截面承载力多余的纵向钢筋弯起而成,所以又称弯起钢筋。箍筋与弯起钢筋通称腹筋。从而形成有腹筋梁。

基本构造:

一、箍筋的构造

为了保证箍筋能有效发挥抗剪作用;使构件具有较好的延性;钢筋骨架的有足够刚度,避免施工时变形错位;能可靠地约束受压钢筋。规范对箍筋的形状和肢数、箍筋最小直径、箍筋的最大间距、箍筋的布置等提出了具体要求。特别是有受压钢筋时,希望箍筋能在多方向约束受压钢筋,对箍筋肢数和纵筋根数相对关系的要求,就是基于这点。

箍筋的作用具有综合优势,因此相对于斜筋,箍筋必须优先配置。

二、弯起钢筋(斜筋)的构造

选择钢筋弯起时,梁底排位于箍筋转角处的纵向受力钢筋不应弯起(也不能切断),而应直通至梁端部,以便和箍筋扎成钢筋骨架。弯起钢筋(斜筋)两端应有足够的直线段锚固长度。

单独设置抗剪斜筋时,此时应将斜筋布置成如课本图4-30(a)所示吊筋型式,俗称鸭筋,不宜采用如课本图4-30(b)所示的浮筋。斜筋两端均锚固在受压区内, 并有足够的直线段锚固长度。

 

三、架立钢筋

在箍筋的四角必须沿梁全长配置纵向钢筋以形成骨架,在没有纵向受压筋的区段,则应补设架立钢筋。

四、腰筋及拉筋

当梁高超过700mm时,为防止由于温度变形及混凝土收缩等原因使梁中部产生竖向裂缝,在梁的两侧中部应设置纵向构造钢筋,称为腰筋。两侧腰筋之间用拉筋联系起来,以约束其变位(课本图4-28示)。实际也相当于对纵向钢筋最大间距的限制。

在受弯构件内,一般由纵向钢筋(受力和构造筋)和腹筋组成钢筋骨架。

五、纵向受力钢筋在支座中的锚固

为避免支座附近出现斜裂缝后,使得与斜裂缝相交的纵筋应力会突然增大,导致纵筋与周围混凝土之间的粘结有可能遭到破坏而出现粘结裂缝,纵筋在支座内发生滑移,甚至被从混凝土中拨出引起锚固破坏。因此规范根据不同的受力状态(课本图4-26、4-27示),对纵向受力钢筋伸入支座的锚固长度提出了具体要求,受的拉力越大,锚固长度越长。设计时一定要遵守。

基本概念:

一、有腹筋梁的斜截面受剪承载力研究

(一)斜截面抗力组成分析

起始于梁下边缘的弯剪斜裂缝或起始于梁中部的腹剪斜裂缝不断发展会导致发生教材图示的斜截面破坏。

荷载在斜截面AB上引起的弯矩为MA,剪力为VA,而在斜截面AB上的抵抗力有以下几部分:①纵向钢筋承担的拉力T;②斜裂缝上端余留截面混凝土承担的压力C;③余留截面混凝土承担的剪力VC;④纵向钢筋承担的剪力Vd,斜裂缝出现后,纵向钢筋犹如销栓一样将裂缝两侧的混凝土联系起来,称“销栓作用”;⑤斜裂缝两侧混凝土发生相对错动产生的骨料咬合力Va;⑥箍筋的拉力Vsv;⑦斜筋的拉力Tsb。

由力的平衡条件可得平衡VA的抗剪力。

 (二)受弯构件的受剪破坏形态

    根据试验研究,受弯构件的斜截面受剪破坏,有以下三种主要破坏形式。

    1.斜拉破坏

    当剪跨比λ较大(一般λ>3,均布荷载下为跨高比l/h>9),且腹筋数量配置很少时,常为斜拉破坏。这种破坏现象是斜裂缝一出现就很快形成一条主要斜裂缝,腹筋的应力也很快达到屈服,腹筋不能起到限制斜裂缝开展的作用,导致斜裂缝迅速向受压边缘发展,直至将整个截面裂通,使构件劈裂为两部分而破坏,如教材图4-6(a)所示。其特点是整个破坏过程急速而突然,破坏荷载比斜裂缝形成时的荷载增加不多。斜拉破坏的原因是由于余留截面上混凝土剪应力的增长,使余留截面上的主拉应力超过了混凝土的抗拉强度。相当少筋破坏。

    2.剪压破坏

当剪跨比λ适中(一般1<λ≤3,均布荷载下为跨高比3<l/h≤9,且腹筋数量配置适当时,常为剪压破坏。这种破坏现象是当荷载增加到一定程度时,多条斜裂缝中的一条形成主要斜裂缝,该主要斜裂缝向斜上方伸展,但由于腹筋的存在,限制了斜裂缝的开展,使受压区高度逐渐减小,荷载仍能有较大的增长,直到腹筋屈服不再能控制斜裂缝开展,斜裂缝快速发展,导致斜裂缝顶端的混凝土被压碎而破坏,如教材图4-6(b)所示。它的特点是破坏过程比斜拉破坏缓慢些,破坏时的荷载明显高于斜裂缝出现时的荷载。剪压破坏的原因是由于余留截面上混凝土的主压应力超过了混凝土在压力和剪力共同作用下的抗压强度。相当适筋破坏。

    3.斜压破坏

    当剪跨比λ较小时(一般λ≤1,均布荷载下为跨高比l/h≤3),或腹筋数量配置很多时,常为斜压破坏。斜裂缝出现后,沿支座向集中荷载处发展,支座反力与荷载间的混凝土形成一斜向受压短柱,随着荷载的增加,当主压应力超过了混凝土的抗压强度时,短柱被压碎而破坏,而腹筋应力达不到屈服,腹筋强度得不到充分利用。如教材图4-6(c)所示。它的特点是斜裂缝细而密,破坏时的荷载也明显高于斜裂缝出现时的荷载。斜压破坏的原因是由于主压应力超过了斜向受压短柱混凝土的抗压强度。相当超筋破坏。

上述三种主要破坏形态,就它们的受剪承载力而言,斜拉破坏最低,剪压破坏较高,斜压破坏最高。但就其破坏性质而言,与正截面破坏相比,由于它们达到破坏荷载时的跨中挠度都不大,因而均属脆性破坏。

(三)影响斜截面受剪承载力的主要因素

    上述三种斜截面破坏形态和构件斜截面承载力有密切的关系。因此,凡影响破坏形态的因素也就影响梁的受剪承载力,其主要影响因素有:

    1.剪跨比λ

剪跨比λ是剪跨a和截面有效高度ho的比值,其中a为集中荷载作用点到支座截面或节点边缘的距离。

对梁顶直接施加集中荷载的梁,剪跨比λ是影响受剪承载力的主要因素。随着剪跨比λ的减少,破坏形态发生显著变化,斜截面受剪承载力有增高的趋势。一般来说,小剪跨比时,大多发生斜压破坏,受剪承载力很高;中等剪跨比时,大多发生剪压破坏,受剪承载力次之;大剪跨比时,大多发生斜拉破坏,受剪承载力很低。当剪跨比λ>3以后,剪跨比对受剪承载力无显著的影响。

2.混凝土强度

    混凝土强度反映了混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度,因此,直接影响余留截面抵抗主拉应力和主压应力的能力。试验表明,受剪承载力随混凝土抗拉强度ft的提高而提高,两者基本呈线性关系。

3.纵筋配筋率ρ

    增加纵筋配筋率ρ可抑制斜裂缝向受压区的伸展,从而提高骨料咬合力,并加大了剪压区高度,使混凝土的抗剪能力提高,同时也提高了纵筋的销栓作用。总之,随着ρ的增大,梁的受剪承载力有所提高,但增幅不大。

4. 腹筋用量

配置腹筋是提高梁受剪承载力的有效措施。梁在斜裂缝发生之前,因混凝土变形协调影响,腹筋的应力很低,对阻止斜裂缝的出现几乎没有什么作用。但是当斜裂缝出现之后,和斜裂缝相交的腹筋,就能通过以下几个方面充分发挥其抗剪作用(课本图4-9):

   (1)与斜裂缝相交的腹筋本身能承担很大一部分剪力。

   (2)腹筋能阻止斜裂缝开展过宽,延缓斜裂缝向上伸展,保留了更大的剪压区高度,从而提高了混凝土的受剪承载力Vc。

   (3)腹筋能有效地减少斜裂缝的开展宽度,提高斜截面上的骨料咬合力Va。 

   (4)箍筋可限制纵向钢筋的竖向位移,有效地阻止混凝土沿纵筋的撕裂,从而提高纵筋的“销栓作用”Vd。

    有腹筋梁的影响机理与无腹筋梁基本相同,最终破坏标志也类同。但由于腹筋的作用,受剪承载力提高,破坏性质得到改善。而且,剪跨比的影响权重相对无腹筋梁时有所下降。如剪跨比较大时,应是斜拉破坏,若腹筋用量很多时,由于腹筋的作用,就可能发生斜压破坏。但要注意:由于腹筋过多引起的斜压(超筋)破坏一定要避免。

       另外,轴向压力的存在,可有限度的提高构件的抗剪承载力,但提高作用是有限度的。而轴向拉力的存在,会降低构件的斜截面受剪承截力,但不影响腹筋的抗剪能力。

二、受弯构件的斜截面受弯承载力研究

   斜裂缝出现前,各垂直截面的纵向钢筋的拉力T由各垂直截面的弯矩所决定,因此,T的变化规律基本上与弯矩图一致。但从教材图4-19可看到,斜裂缝出现后,截面B处的钢筋拉力却要承受截面A的弯矩MA,而MA> MB。所以,开裂后穿过斜裂缝的纵筋的拉力突然增大。如果根据正截面弯矩变化切断或弯起钢筋,以达到合理利用时,所余的纵筋虽然能抵抗正截面的弯矩M(MB),但出现斜裂缝后,要承担的弯矩加大了,就有可能抵抗不了加大了的弯矩M斜(MA),就带来了斜截面抗弯问题。

(一)抵抗弯矩图的绘制 

    抵抗弯矩图又称材料图,简称MR图,就是以各截面实际纵向受拉钢筋所能承受的弯矩为纵坐标,以相应的截面位置为横坐标,作出的弯矩图。图形上的各纵坐标就是各截面实际能够抵抗的弯矩值,它可根据截面实有的纵筋截面面积求得。抵抗弯矩图也就是由各截面尺寸和钢筋用量所决定的正截面极限弯矩Mu(也即抵抗弯矩MR)沿构件长度的变化图形。从MR图 与荷载弯矩M图的关系比较知:

1.纵向钢筋的理论切断点

对正截面抗弯要求来说,一根钢筋的不需要点也称作该钢筋的“理论切断点”;因为这根钢筋既然是多余的,在理论上便可予以切断,但实际切断点还将伸过一定长度。

2.纵向钢筋的充分利用点

一根钢筋的强度需要充分发挥的点称作该钢筋的“充分利用点”,这根钢筋如果变化,就会导致该正截面抗弯要求不满足。

3.MR图 与荷载弯矩M图的关系

MR图代表梁的正截面的抗弯能力,因此在各个截面上都要求从不小于M,所以与设计弯矩M图是同一比例的MR图必须将M图包括在内,以满足受弯承载力的要求。另外,两者应是越贴近越好,表示钢筋强度的利用越充分,以满足经济要求。但也要注意不应使钢筋变化过于复杂。

4.钢筋切断时MR图的表示方法

  钢筋切断反映在MR图上便是截面抵抗弯矩能力的突变。例如在教材图4-20中,由于F截面为钢筋④的“不需要点”,所以可在该截面处将钢筋④切断,该根钢筋即不再承受弯矩,MR图在F截面处就产生突变。同样,由于J截面为钢筋③的“不需要点”,MR图在J截面的突变反映钢筋③在该截面被切断;而MR图在K截面处的突变反映钢筋①(2Ф18)在该截面被切断。

5.钢筋弯起时MR图的表示方法  

因钢筋在弯起的过程中还多少能起一些正截面的抗弯作用,直到弯起钢筋穿过了梁的截面重心轴,基本上进入受压区,它的正截面抗弯作用才被认为完全消失。所以钢筋弯起后,引起抗弯能力的变化不是像切断钢筋时那样突然,而是逐渐下降。例如在教材图4-20中,根据抗剪要求纵筋②需在截面H处被弯下,而在截面I处,弯起筋穿过了梁的截面重心轴,进入受压区。所以在截面H、I之间MR图为斜线变化。

(二)保证斜截面受弯承载力的方法

    1.纵筋切断时如何保证斜截面的受弯承载力规范作出如下规定:

   (1)钢筋的实际切断点应伸过其理论切断点,延伸长度lw不小于20d(d为切断钢筋的直径)。

  (2)钢筋的充分利用点至该钢筋的实际切断点的距离ld还应满足下列要求:

   当 word/media/image1_1.png时,ld≥1.2la

   当 word/media/image2_1.png时, word/media/image3_1.png

式中 la——受拉钢筋的最小锚固长度;

在设计中必须同时满足lw,la的要求。

必须注意,纵向受拉钢筋不宜在受拉区切断,因为切断处钢筋面积骤减,引起混凝土拉应力突增,导致在切断钢筋截面过早地出现斜裂缝。此外,纵向受拉钢筋在受拉区锚固也不够可靠,如果锚固不好,就会影响斜截面受剪承载力。所以教材图4-22中钢筋①就应直通入支座。至于支座处承受负弯矩的纵向受拉钢筋(例如悬臂梁、伸臂简支梁和连续梁),为节约钢筋,必要时可按弯矩图的变化将理论上不需要的钢筋切断。

对于梁柱整体浇注结构,计算配筋所用的最大弯矩也选取支座边缘处的数值,教材图4-22A-A截面。是因为整浇的支座范围内,截面尺寸很大,不会在此内发生破坏。

2.纵筋弯起时如何保证斜截面的受弯承载力

在弯起纵筋时,为保证斜截面的受弯承载力,必须将该钢筋伸过其充分利用点至少0.5h0的地方才能弯起。

以上要求可能有时与腹筋最大间距的限制(教材表4-1)相矛盾,尤其在承受负弯矩的支座(教材图4-20)附近容易出现这个问题。其原因是由于用一根弯筋同时抗弯又抗剪而引起的。我们知道,腹筋最大间距的限制是为保证斜截面的受剪承载力,而a≥0.5h0的条件是为保证斜截面的受弯承载力。当两者发生矛盾时,可以在保证斜截面受弯承载力的前提下(即纵筋的弯起满足a≥0.5h0),用单独另设斜钢筋的方法来满足斜截面受剪承载力的要求。

基本公式和计算步骤:

 一、仅配箍筋梁的受剪承载力Vu的计算公式

教材图4-11表示一根仅配箍筋的简支梁,在出现斜裂缝BA后,取斜裂缝BA到支座的一段为隔离体。从隔离体上看出,临破坏时,斜截面受剪承载力的计算公式可采用两项相加的形式,即:

(1)对于承受一般荷载的矩形,T形和工形截面受弯构件(包括连续梁和约束梁)

                      word/media/image4_1.png

(2)对于承受以集中荷载为主(包括作用有多种荷载,且集中荷载对支座截面或节点边缘所产生的剪力值占总剪力值的75%以上的情况)的矩形截面独立梁(包括连续梁和约束梁)

二、同时配箍筋和弯起钢筋的梁受剪承载力Vu的计算公式

在配箍筋的梁斜截面承载力计算中,如果γd V>Vcs,说明已配箍筋构件的抗剪力不够,这时(1)将箍筋加密或加粗;(2)增大构件截面尺寸;(3)提高混凝土强度等级。(4)将纵向钢筋弯起成为斜筋或加焊斜筋,都可以增加斜截面受剪承载力。在纵向钢筋有可能弯起的情况下,利用弯起的纵筋来抗剪可收到较好的经济效果。

一定要注意,虽斜筋差不多与斜裂缝垂直,而传力直接,但由于斜筋一般是由纵筋弯起而成,直径较粗,根数较少,受力不很均匀;箍筋虽然不与斜裂缝正交,但分布均匀。所以一般在斜截面计算时,总是先配以一定数量的箍筋,需要时再加配适当的斜筋。

此时计算公式为:word/media/image5_1.png

三、斜截面受剪承载力计算公式的适用条件

1.防止斜压破坏的条件

只要截面尺寸不过小或混凝土强度等级不太低,就不会因混凝土承载力不够而发生斜压破坏。为此需要满足:

(1)当hw/b≤4.0时,

对一般梁,word/media/image6_1.png

对T形或工形截面简支梁,当有实践经验时,

                       word/media/image7_1.png

   (2)当hw/b≥6.0(薄腹梁)时,

                    word/media/image8_1.png

不满足时,就应加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土强度等级。

2.防止斜拉破坏的条件

    如腹筋布置得过少过稀,即使计算上满足要求,仍可能出现斜截面受剪承载力不足而发生斜拉破坏。为此要求:

   (1)腹筋间距要求

如腹筋间距过大,有可能在两根腹筋之间出现不与腹筋相交的斜裂缝,这时腹筋便无从发挥作用(教材图4-15)。同时箍筋分布的疏密对斜裂缝开展宽度也有影响。采用较密的箍筋对抑制斜裂缝宽度有利。为此有必要对腹筋的最大间距smax作一限制,smax限值见教材表4-1。在任何情况下,腹筋的间距s不得大于教材表4-1中的smax 数值;同时,从支座算起第一根斜筋或第一根箍筋离开支座边缘的距离s1也不得大于smax。对斜筋(弯起钢筋)而言,间距s是指一根斜筋的下弯点到后一根斜筋的上弯点之间的梁轴投影距离。

(2)配箍率要求

    箍筋配置过少,一旦斜裂缝出现,由于箍筋的抗剪作用不足以替代斜裂缝发生前混凝土原有的作用,就会发生突然性的脆性破坏。为了防止发生剪跨比较大时的斜拉破坏,规范规定当V>Vc/γd时,箍筋的配置应满足它的最小配筋率要求

对Ⅰ级钢筋,配筋率应满足   ρsv= Asv/(bs)≥ρsvmin=0.12%               ( 4-l0 )

    对Ⅱ级钢筋,配筋率应满足   ρsv= Asv/(bs)≥ρsvmin=0.08%              (4-11)

式中,ρsvmin——箍筋的最小配筋率。

四、斜截面抗剪承载力计算步骤

钢筋混凝土梁一般先进行正截面承载力设计,初步确定截面尺寸和纵向钢筋后,再进行斜截面受剪承载力设计计算。

   (1)作梁的剪力图。计算剪力设计值时的计算跨度取构件的净跨度,即l0=ln。

   (2)以教材式(4-14)或教材式(4-16)验算构件截面尺寸是否满足斜截面受剪承载力的要求。

(3)对于矩形、T形及工形截面的一般受弯构件,如能符合

V≤ Vc/γd =(0.07fcbh0)/γd

对集中荷载为主的矩形截面独立梁,如能符合

                                 word/media/image9_1.png                             

则不需进行斜截面抗剪配筋计算,仅按构造要求,并满足最小配箍率设置腹筋。

   (4)如果教材式(4-19)或式(4-20)不满足,说明需要按承载力计算配置腹筋。这时有两种方式。

1)只配箍筋。当剪力完全由箍筋和混凝土承担时,对矩形、T形和工形截面梁,由式(4-8)可算得 word/media/image10_1.png

对集中荷载作用下的矩形截面独立梁,由教材式(4-9)可算得

                       word/media/image11_1.png   

   计算出Asv/s值后,根据Asv=nAsv1可选定箍筋肢数n,单肢箍筋截面积Asv1,然后求出箍筋的间距s。注意,选用箍筋的肢数、直径和间距应分别满足构造及最小配箍率要求。

    2)既配箍筋又配弯起钢筋。当需要配置弯起钢筋、箍筋和混凝土共同承担剪力时,一般先选配一定数量的箍筋(n、Asv1、s),然后计算出Vcs,再按教材式(4-8)计算弯起钢筋截面面积

                        word/media/image12_1.png                       

弯起钢筋的计算一直要进行到最后一排弯起钢筋进入Vcs/γd的控制区段为止。也就是箍筋基本上是按构造及最小配箍率要求选配,然后全梁均匀布置不变,即所有截面的Vcs相等,这样就需要根据剪力的变化决定是否要弯起钢筋和弯起多少。

剪力设计值V取值时注意,当计算配箍筋或第一排(对支座而言)弯起钢筋时, 取支座边缘截面的最大剪力设计值V1。当计算以后每一排弯起钢筋时,取用前一排(对支座而言)弯起钢筋弯起点处的剪力设计值V2。弯起钢筋的计算一直要进行到最后一排弯起钢筋进入Vcs/γd的控制区段为止。

五、梁的整体设计概念和施工图的基本做法

这里以伸臂梁为例给出了一个整体构件设计的过程。对连续梁的配筋设计有借鉴作用。学习本门课程的一个主要目的就是能进行混凝土结构构件的设计计算,根据正截面和斜截面受力要求,再考虑构造要求,完成从截面设计到构件设计,直至整个结构的设计。大家需结合第10章的学习进一步理解掌握。这里有几点注意事项:

1.选择弯起钢筋时,要注意上部(支座截面)和下部(跨中截面)纵向钢筋的协调性,即一根钢筋通过变化兼做两个截面的受力筋,而不要多配,只有纵向钢筋没有那么多可以弯起时,才可以另加斜筋,或增强箍筋。例如教材图4-36中的钢筋②和③,它们在正截面计算中方便都予选取(见教材表4-3)。

2.确定弯起或切断钢筋位置时,是在满足基本要求的基础上,然后根据几何关系来进行。如钢筋②为了支座截面的斜截面抗弯和抗剪而定出下弯位置,其弯下后的终点可由竖向高度(容易由几何关系算出)与水平尺寸相等定出,其它类推,见教材图4-35、36。

3.作抵抗弯矩MR图实际就是进行钢筋布置设计,作图过程中要注意那一根钢筋相对于强度的充分利用点,或最大荷载弯矩截面首先变化,其抗力大小就应该画在抵抗弯矩图的最外侧。例如教材图4-36中,钢筋②作为上部受力筋,对充分利用的支座截面是首先弯下,在上部抵抗弯矩图中画在最外侧,钢筋③后变化,画在其内侧。

钢筋③作为下部受力筋时,对充分利用的跨中截面是首先弯上,在下部抵抗弯矩图中画在最外侧,钢筋②在此后变化,画在其内侧。不变化的就靠基线画出。

4.计算钢筋时,只要明确对其保护层厚度、锚固长度和变化位置的要求,就比较容易进行。

同学们要能看懂本章的计算题

 

第5章 钢筋混凝土受压构件承载力计算

       受压构件是工程结构中承受以压力作用为主的构件,一般情况下,受压构件的截面上作用有轴力,弯矩和剪力。按其受力情况可分为:轴心受压构件,单向偏心受压构件和双向偏心受压构件。在实际结构中,理想的轴心受压构件几乎是不存在的。当纵向压力作用线与构件形心轴线不重合,或截面上同时作用有轴向压力N和弯矩M时(可看成具有偏心距word/media/image13_1.png的轴向压力的作用),即为偏心受压构件

基本构造:

一、截面尺寸

受压构件的截面尺寸要考虑构件长细比的限制,避免纵向弯曲过大,承载力降低太多,不能充分利用材料的强度。一般限制长细比l0/b≤30及l0/h≤25(h为长边尺寸)以避免细长柱的失稳破坏。选择截面时一定要使偏心力沿长边方向作用,受力才合理。

二、混凝土强度等级

混凝土强度等级对受压构件的承载力影响较大,为了减少截面尺寸并节省钢材,宜采用强度等级较高的混凝土

三、纵向受力钢筋

纵向受力钢筋,主要指其受压钢筋不宜采用高强钢筋。这是因为钢筋受到混凝土极限压应变的限制,不能充分发挥其高强作用。根据钢筋和混凝土相同的变形条件,钢筋应力值只能取用word/media/image14_1.png作为抗压强度设计值。

纵筋,特别是受压纵筋直径应粗些,根数少些(但每边不得少于2根),以避免使用附加箍筋。纵向钢筋在轴向受压时沿截面周边均匀布置;在偏心受压时沿截面短边均匀布置。但要注意间距限制和纵向构造钢筋的设置及附加箍筋的设置条件。 

四、柱中箍筋

柱中箍筋的主要作用是箍筋与纵向钢筋形成整体性很好的钢筋骨架;箍筋可以抵抗剪力;增强柱子延性的作用;防止混凝土柱中纵向钢筋受压时的向外弯凸,以使混凝土保护层横向胀裂剥落。
钢筋骨架的其它要求见教材及前面讨论。柱中配筋示意见下图

 

 

 

 

 

 

基本概念:

一、轴心受压构件正截面承载力

(一)受力特点

轴心受压构件根据长细比l0/b区分为短柱(l0/b≤8)、长柱(8<l0/b≤30)和细长柱(l0/b>30)。短柱和长柱都因材料强度不够而破坏,并引入稳定系数来考虑由于纵向弯曲对长柱承载力降低的影响。细长柱则发生失稳破坏,应专门讨论。

(二)轴心受压构件正截面承载力计算公式(教材图5-7)

word/media/image16_1.png                                             (5-1)

二、偏心受压构件的受力研究

(一)大偏心受压破坏特征

当轴向力的偏心距较大,且远离轴向力一侧的纵向受力钢筋适量时发生。破坏时,首先受拉钢筋屈服。然后,受压区边缘混凝土达到极限压应变而被压碎,构件发生破坏(见教材图5-9)。这种破坏形态在破坏前有明显的预兆,属于延性破坏。

破坏的本质是受拉钢筋首先达到屈服强度,所以称受拉破坏。此种破坏形态类似于受弯构件正截面适筋破坏。

(二)小偏心受压破坏特征

当轴向力偏心距较小,或虽较大,但远离轴向力一侧的纵向钢筋过多时发生。构件的破坏是由混凝土的压碎引起的,破坏时,压应力较大侧的受压钢筋达到屈服强度,而另一侧的钢筋不论受拉还是受压,一般都达不到屈服强度(见教材图5-10)。这种破坏没有明显的预兆,属脆性破坏。配筋过多引起的小偏心受压破坏要避免。

受压区边缘混凝土首先达到其极限压应变而被压碎,所以称受压破坏。此种破坏形

态类似于受弯构件的正截面超筋破坏。

由于小偏心受压构件破坏时,远离轴向力一侧的纵向钢筋As不论受拉还是受压,其应力一般都达不到屈服强度。为节约钢材,一般可按最小配筋率及构造要求配置As。

(三)大、小偏心受压破坏的本质区别

本质区别在于截面受拉部分和受压部分谁先发生破坏,前者是受拉钢筋先屈服,而后压区混凝土被压碎;后者是受压区混凝土先被压碎。

大偏心受压与小偏心受压破坏形态的相同之处是截面的最终破坏都是受压区边缘混凝土达到其极限压应变而被压碎。

与受弯构件的适筋、超筋判断条件一样,偏心受压破坏形态与小偏心受压破坏形态之间存在着一种界限破坏状态,界限条件即以界限破坏特征来建立。

以大小偏心受压破坏本质可知:在偏心受压构件承载力计算或复核时,若ηe0>0.3h0与用word/media/image17_1.png判断相矛盾时,以word/media/image17_1.png方法为准,而用ηe0只是一种近似判断方法。

(四)纵向弯曲的考虑

偏心受压构件同样要考虑长细比(用l0/h判断)对长柱承载力降低的影响。计算中是在初始偏心距e0乘以偏心距增大系数η(≥1.0 )来考虑纵向弯曲产生的附加挠度的影响(见教材图5-11示)。同样是限制长细比以避免细长柱的失稳破坏。

在l0/h≤8时,取η=1.0。

(五)偏压构件的最不利荷载组合

分析表明,在偏心受压构件,在其它条件一定的情况下,Nu与Mu为二次抛物线关系(见教材图5-20示),如果作用于截面上的内力(word/media/image18_1.png、word/media/image19_1.png)坐标位于图中曲线的内侧(如d点),说明该点对应的内力作用下未达到承载力极限状态,是安全的。若位于曲线外侧(如e点),则表明截面在该点对应的内力作用下承截力不足。(word/media/image18_1.png、word/media/image19_1.png)坐标点越偏离曲线外侧,越危险。

研究偏心受压构件正截面承载力Nu—Mu相关曲线,就可以从N和M的对应关系判断出哪些内力组合对截面起控制作用,从而选择最危险的内力组合进行配筋设计。

大偏心受压时的最不利荷载组合:

M值相同,则N愈大愈安全,N愈小愈危险。

小偏心受压时的最不利荷载组合:

M值相同,N愈大愈危险,N愈小愈安全。

(六)对称配筋的特点

在实际工程中,偏心受压构件在各种不同荷载(风荷载、地震作用、竖向荷载)作用下,在同一截面内可能分别承受正负号的弯矩,即截面在一种荷载组合下为受拉的部位,在另一种荷载组合下变为受压。当正负弯矩值数值相差不大或即使相反方向的弯矩值相差较大,但纵向钢筋用量相差不多时,均宜采用对称配筋。对称配筋的主要优点是计算和施工方便,主要缺点是钢筋用量较多,不够经济。

基本计算公式及计算方法:

一、偏心受压构件正截面承载力计算公式

1.计算简图

根据四个基本假定,采用等效的矩形应力图形代替曲线应力图形, 正截面承载力计算简图见图示。

2.基本公式

(1)设计表达式

word/media/image20_1.png根据计算简图和截面内力的平衡条件,并满足承载力极限状态的计算要求,可得矩形截面偏心受压构件正截面承载力计算的两个基本公式

word/media/image21_1.png                                                  (5-2)

word/media/image22_1.png                                        (5-3)

word/media/image23_1.png                     (5-4)

计算的钢筋应力应符合:word/media/image24_1.png ,也可将x=ξh0代入上述公式表述。

(2)适用条件

1)ξ≤ξb时,按大偏心受压计算,σs= fy ;word/media/image17_1.png>word/media/image25_1.png时,按小偏心受压计算,σs按公式(5-4)确定。

2)与受弯构件类似,大偏心受压时,要求x≥2a";小偏心受压时,x比较大,必然满足此条件。

3)为避免发生少筋情况,要求: ρ≥ρmin

偏心受力构件构件,当截面上给出了作用轴向力N和弯矩M时(一般按力学方法计算出的内力结果),一定要换算成偏心距

e0=M/N的偏心力N的作用,然后分清对那一处取矩而建立计算方程。

此外,无论是截面设计或截面承载力复核,小偏心受压构件除了在弯矩作用平面内按偏心受压计算外,还要验算垂直于弯矩作用平面的轴心受压承载力,此时自然应用word/media/image26_1.png值考虑纵向弯曲的影响,并取l0/b进行计算。这是因为偏心力方向因偏心力作用可能弯曲变形较大,但小偏心受压偏心距较小,造成的弯曲变形也就较小(此方向是由l0/h控制),而因l0/b大于l0/h,所以在没有偏心方向(垂直于弯矩作用平面内)由于轴心力的作用就有可能因纵向弯曲过大,承载力降低过多,而提前发生破坏,故要对按偏心受压计算的截面,再按轴心受压进行一下复核,一般情况都能满足。大偏心受压构件因偏心距较大,不会出现此问题,也就不必复核。

小偏心受压构件当轴向力偏心距很小,且轴向力又比较大word/media/image27_1.png时,肯定是全截面受压,且截面受力较为均匀,趋近轴心受力。但若此时远离轴向力一侧面的钢筋word/media/image28_1.png如果配置的太少(一般可按最小配筋率及构造要求配置As),该侧混凝土可能先达到极限压应变而破坏(因此时两侧受力又差不多,而此侧钢筋太少,为混凝土分担的能力有限,所以其先破坏)。为防止此种情况发生,可取word/media/image29_1.png,word/media/image30_1.png(自然As已达抗压强度设计值),对word/media/image31_1.png合力点取力矩平衡复核As(见教材图5-14(b)),最后取算得到的较大值配筋。

二、偏心受压构件正截面承载力计算方法

(一)截面设计

在计算之前,由于钢筋截面面积word/media/image32_1.png和word/media/image33_1.png为未知数,混凝土相对受压区高度word/media/image34_1.png将无法计算,因此,无法利用word/media/image35_1.png判别截面类型,对于正常配筋的构件,实际设计时可根据偏心距大小来判别:

(1)当word/media/image36_1.png>0.3h0时,可按大偏心受压构件设计;

(2)当word/media/image36_1.png≤0.3h0时,可按小偏心受压构件设计。

1.大偏心受压构件计算

(1)已知弯矩设计值M和轴向压力设计值N、截面尺寸、混凝土和钢筋等级,需求受拉钢筋与受压钢筋截面面积(As及A"s)。

1)根据充分利用混凝土的抗压能力,使用钢量(As+A"s)为最小的原则补充一个条件,即令ξ=ξb(或x=ξbh0)

2)由αsb=ξb(1–0.5ξb)计算得αsb。

3)按式(5-3)计算受压钢筋截面面积

word/media/image37_1.png   word/media/image38_1.png≥ρminbh0                          

  4)按式(5-2)计算受拉钢筋截面面积

word/media/image39_1.png≥ρminbh0

若由式(5-3)计算出的word/media/image40_1.png,则按word/media/image41_1.png配筋。此时因A"s与计算结果相差过大,不能直接求As,应按word/media/image42_1.png为已知的第2种情形计算As。

5)按计算的钢筋截面面积,并考虑构造要求选配和布置钢筋。

(2)已知弯矩设计值M和轴向压力设计值N、截面尺寸、钢筋与混凝土等级、受压钢筋截面面积A"s(注意此A"s不一定是第1种情形按word/media/image41_1.png配的筋,也可能是由于其它要求,如抗震延性的所需等),求受拉钢筋截面面积As。

此时一定要充分利用已有的受压钢筋,不能再用ξ=ξb,此条件已不成立。共有两个未知数(As与x),可由基本方程直接求解,计算步骤为:

1)按式(5-3)计算

word/media/image43_1.png


    2)由word/media/image44_1.png求得ξ值。

3)若ξ>ξb,则说明由于某种原因所要求的受压钢筋A"s数量不够(不是第1种情形转换过来的A"s),应将此A"s看作未知,按第一种情况重新计算A"s与As。也可适当加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土强度等级来解决。偏心距比较大时(判断word/media/image36_1.png>0.3h0),最好不要设计为小偏心受压构件,要解决ξ>ξb的问题。

4)若word/media/image45_1.png,则由(5-2)式

word/media/image46_1.png≥ρminbh0                    

  5)若word/media/image47_1.png,则应下式计算As

word/media/image48_1.png≥ρminbh0                          

6)按计算的钢筋截面面积,并考虑构造要求选配和布置钢筋。

中间结果不满足ρminbh0,可按最小配筋率配筋,但要调整计算过程。若最终结果不满足ρminbh0,可按最小配筋率配筋,也可适当减小截面尺寸改善。

小偏心受压构件计算和截面复核计算的过程及方法请参见教材,不作为重点考核内容。但同学们应理解基本概念,会使用基本公式进行计算。

解题指导:教材本章的大偏压截面设计例题一定要熟练掌握。

 

第10章 预应力混凝土结构构件计算

 

一、 预应力混凝土结构的基本概念

(一)预应力混凝土结构的基本工作原理

预应力混凝土结构,就是在外荷载作用之前,先通过张拉钢筋对混凝土施加压力,造成人为的应力状态的结构。它所产生的预压应力能抵消外荷载所引起的部分或全部拉应力。这样,在外荷载作用下,裂缝就能延缓或不会产生,即使出现了裂缝,裂缝宽度也不致过大。

预应力的作用可用图示的梁来说明。在外荷载作用下,梁下边缘产生拉应力s3,如图 (b)。如果在荷载作用以前,给梁先施加一偏心压力N,使得梁下边缘产生预压应力s1如图 (a),那么在外荷载作用后,截面的应力分布将是两者的叠加,,如图 (c)。梁的下边缘应力可为压应力(如s1-s3>0)或数值很小的拉应力(如s1-s3<0﹚。


(二)预应力混凝土结构的特点(见图示)

 

 与钢筋混凝土结构相比较,预应力混凝土结构主要有以下方面的特点:

1、预应力荷载所产生的预压应力能抵消外荷载所引起的部分或全部拉应力,这样,预应力混凝土结构在使用荷载作用下不出现裂缝或推迟裂缝的出现。在同样的荷载下,能减小裂缝宽度,所以抗裂度大为提高,因此也提高了构件的刚度,增加了结构的耐久性。

但裂缝出现的荷载与破坏荷载比较接近,破坏前变形较小,延性较差。

 

word/media/image50_1.png 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 2、预应力结构中的预应力钢筋从张拉直到破坏始终处于高应力状态,而混凝土在荷载到消压阶段以前主要处于受压状态,所以发挥了两种材料各自的特长。所以,预应力混凝土结构可以合理、有效地利用高强钢筋和高强混凝土从而节省材料,减轻结构自重,也解决了大跨钢筋混凝土结构的裂缝问题,可建造大跨度结构,也就在这方面显示了其优势。

钢筋混凝土结构采用高强材料时,由于混凝土的抗拉强度并没有显著提高,所以裂缝仍不易控制,而不能达到这一目标。

(三)预应力混凝土结构的分类

国际预应力混凝土协会根据对构件裂缝控制程度不同,划分为:

1.全预应力混凝土结构

在全部荷载即荷载效应的短期组合下,截面不出现拉应力的预应力混凝土结构,称为全预应力混凝土结构。全预应力混凝土结构的特点是:

(1)抗裂性好。由于构件截面不出现拉应力,混凝土不开裂,因而其抗裂性能好、刚度大,常用于对抗裂或抗腐蚀性能要求较高的结构,如核电站安全壳、贮液罐、吊车梁等。

(2)抗疲劳性能好。预应力钢筋从张拉到使用阶段的全过程中,其应力值变化幅度小,所以在重复荷载下抗疲劳性能好。

(3)反拱值可能过大。当按活荷载较大的短期组合设计了结构构件。而在正常使用情况下,会因存在的活荷载变小,预加应力较高,引起结构的反拱过大;而且也会使混凝土在施工阶段产生裂缝。从而影响上部结构构件的正常使用。

(4)延性较差。由于构件的开裂荷载与极限荷载较为接近,使构件延较差,对结构的抗震不利。

2.有限预应力混凝土结构

在全部荷载即荷载效应的短期组合下,截面拉应力不超过混凝土规定的抗拉强度;在长期荷载即荷载效应的长期组合下,截面不出现拉应力的预应力混凝土结构,称为有限预应力混凝土结构。

3.部分预应力混凝土结构

截面允许出现裂缝,但最大的裂缝宽度不得超过允许的限值,称为部分预应力混凝土结构。部分预应力混凝土结构的特点:

(1)节约钢材。可根据结构构件的不同使用要求、荷载作用情况及环境条件等,对裂缝进行控制,降低了预应力值,从而节约预应力钢筋及锚具的用量,简化张拉、锚固等工艺,降低造价。

(2)反拱值不致于过大。由于施加预应力较小,可避免产生过大反拱。

(3)延性较好。由于配置了非预应力钢筋,可提高构件的延性,有利于结构抗震。

有限预应力混凝土结构的特点正好介于全预应力混凝土结构与部分预应力混凝土结构之间。现在常把有限预应力混凝土结构包含于部分预应力混凝土结构之中,即一般意义的部分预应力混凝土结构包含了有限预应力混凝土结构和传统的部分预应力混凝土结构。与全预应力混凝土结构相比,部分预应力混凝土结构综合经济技术效果较好。对于抗裂要求不太高的结构构件,部分预应力混凝土结构已得到广泛应用。另外,钢筋混凝土结构可以认为是预应力为零的混凝土结构。

以上分析可知,预应力不是越大越好,而应根据需要而定。一般可根据结构构件的不同使用要求、荷载作用情况及环境条件等,对裂缝进行合理控制。

二、施加预应力的方法

张拉预应力钢筋,而后放松,预应力钢筋的弹性回缩受到混凝土阻止而使混凝土受到挤压,产生预压应力。

先张法是先张拉预应力钢筋,后浇筑混凝土的方法。靠钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结力来传递和保持预应力。

后张法是先浇筑混凝土构件,当构件混凝土达到一定的强度后,在构件上张拉预应力钢筋的方法。靠端部承压锚具传递和保持预应力。

三、预应力钢筋的张拉控制应力

张拉控制应力是指张拉预应力钢筋时,预应力钢筋达到的最大应力值。

张拉控制应力的大小直接影响预应力的效果。张拉控制应力取值越高,预应力钢筋对混凝土的预压作用越大,可适当节省钢筋。但如果张拉控制应力取值过高,可能导致钢筋脆断,发生事故,也会产生过大的应力松弛,降低预应力的效果。

σcon的取值过低也不行,影响预应力钢筋充分发挥作用,技术经济指标过低。

四、预应力损失计算

由于张拉工艺和材料性能等原因,从张拉钢筋开始到构件使用整个过程中,σcon将不断降低,即张紧的钢筋回缩松动导致σcon降低,这种降低称为预应力损失σl。

凡是能使预应力筋产生缩短的因素,都将引起预应力损失。预应力损失的计算和减少是预应力混凝土结构设计和施工中的一个关键问题。过高或过低估计预应力损失,都会对结构的使用性能产生不利影响。

同学要知道产生预应力损失的原因,可能出现的几种预应力损失及其常规算法和减少预应力损失的措施。

五、预应力混凝土结构的材料

预应力结构构件所用的混凝土,需满足下列要求:强度高;收缩、徐变小;快硬、早强。

预应力结构构件所用的钢筋,需满足下列要求:强度高;与混凝土有较好的粘结力;具有良好的加工性能;具有较好的塑性。

预应力混凝土结构的锚具,需满足下列要求:与预应力筋匹配,能可靠的锚固预应力筋,避免其滑动;构造简单,造价低;耐久性好。

六、预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件的应力分析

(一)先张法预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件的应力分析

1、预应力损失全部出现后的状态(教材表9-6图d)

总的预应力损失为σl=σlⅠ+σlⅡ。

word/media/image51_1.png这是混凝土受到的预压应力σpeⅡ,即为张拉完成之后在混凝土结构中建立的有效预压应力,其计算公式为:

word/media/image52_1.png预应力筋的拉应力σpⅡ为张拉控制应力σcon减去全部预应力损失σl和混凝土受压后产生压缩变形导致预应力筋的拉应力减少值εsEs=αEσpc = 2 \* ROMAN II

 

 非预应力钢筋与混凝土粘结变形协调,受到的是压应力σsⅡ,其值为word/media/image53_1.png

预应力钢筋和非预应力钢筋中减去预应力损失的总预拉力

word/media/image54_1.png

2、荷载作用下的消压状态(教材表9-6图e)

构件在开始外荷载作用后,会在某一特定轴向拉力N0下使混凝土的有效预压应力σpc = 2 \* ROMAN II降为零,即截面混凝土应力为零,该情况称为消压状态,N0称为消压轴力。此后,混凝土才真正开始受拉。

此时截面中的各部分应力均为外荷载作用下产生的拉应力与张拉完成之后的预应力word/media/image55_1.png叠加结果:word/media/image56_1.png预应力筋的拉应力σp

word/media/image57_1.png非预应力钢筋的压应力σs

word/media/image58_1.png预应力筋与非预应力钢筋的合力

3、混凝土即将开裂的状态(教材表9-6图f)

随着荷载的进一步增加,使得混凝土受拉应力,并达到混凝土轴心抗拉强度标准值ftk时,裂缝就将出现。此时由平衡条件可得开裂荷载Ncr为

word/media/image59_1.png

word/media/image60_1.png  混凝土的拉应力

word/media/image61_1.png预应力筋的拉应力

word/media/image62_1.png非预应力钢筋的压应力
式中ftkA0即为钢筋混凝土轴心受拉构件的开裂荷载。由上式可见,预应力构件的抗裂能力由于多了一项σpcⅡA0而比非预应力构件大大提高。

4、破坏阶段(教材表9-6图h)

word/media/image63_1.png当预应力筋、非预应力钢筋的应力达到各自受拉屈服强度时,构件就发生破坏。此时的外荷载为构件的极限承载力Nu

(二)后张法预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件的应力分析

预应力损失全部出现后,各部分应力为:

word/media/image64_1.pngword/media/image65_1.png

外荷载作用后的计算方法与先张法完全一样,但要注意张拉完成之后的预应力结果的不同。word/media/image66_1.pngword/media/image67_1.png

式中:

Ac——混凝土截面面积,Ac=A-As-Ap

An——净截面面积 ,An= Ac+αE As

A0——换算截面面积,A0=Ac+αEAs+αEAp。

换算截面是按整体工作阶段应变协调的原则将纵向非预应力钢筋和纵向预应力钢筋换算成混凝土截面面积再加上混凝土的净截面面积三者的总合,即A0= Ac+αE As+αE Ap。

净截面是对后张法构件,施工阶段由于预应力钢筋与混凝土之间还没有粘结,预应力合力相当于外力作用在钢筋混凝土净截面An (An= Ac+αE As) 上,没有包括预应力钢筋的换算截面面积。而在使用阶段,已经灌浆形成整体,所以两者都用换算截面面积A0。

先张法与后张法相应公式相比,只是张拉施工阶段有些不同。同时,先张法用换算截面面积A0,后张法采用净截面面积An,因为A0>An,所以,若两种方法    σcon的相同,则后张法构件中建立的预压应力要高些。

希望同学们把预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件的应力分析一节学好,这是我们理解预应力混凝土结构特点的基础。

 七、预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件承载力计算

构件破坏时,荷载全部由预应力和非预应力钢筋承担,其正截面承载力由下

word/media/image68_1.png时计算:
当材料强度等级和配筋量相同时,预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件与普通混凝土轴心受拉构件的承载力相同。因为,构件破坏时荷载全部由预应力和非预应力钢筋承担,而且它们都达到抗拉强度设计值。

 八、正截面裂缝控制验算

《规范》根据结构构件所处环境类别,钢筋种类对腐蚀的敏感性,以及荷载作用时间,将裂缝控制分为三个等级:

(一)严格要求不出现裂缝的构件(抗裂验算)

在荷载效应的短期组合下应满足条件:

cs-pc≤0.0              

(二)一般要求不出现裂缝的构件(抗裂验算)

1、在荷载效应的短期组合下应满足条件: cs-pc≤ctftk   

2、在荷载效应的长期组合下应满足条件:cl-pc≤ctftk

式中, pc——扣除全部预应力损失后在验算截面边缘混凝土的预压应力,即为张拉完成之后在混凝土结构中建立的有效预压应力σpcⅡ。这里按应力进行抗裂验算。

(三)允许出现裂缝的构件(裂缝宽度验算)

在荷载效应的短期和长期组合下最大的裂缝宽度不得超过规范允许值。最大裂缝宽度的计算公式与钢筋混凝土构件相同,但计算纵向受拉钢筋的等效应力ss及sl,这里要考虑预应力荷载的作用效果。

三种裂缝控制等级大体前述的相当于全预应力混凝土、有限预应力混凝土和部分预应力混凝土。

 

九、预应力构件与普通混凝土构件受力特点比较(见图示)

(1)在普通混凝土构件中,钢筋中的应力值在构件开裂前很小,而预应力构件中的预应力钢筋从张拉直到破坏始终处于高应力状态,混凝土在荷载到达N0以前始终处于受压状态,所以发挥了两种材料各自的特长。

(2)预应力构件出现裂缝比普通混凝土构件迟得多,所以构件抗裂度大为提高,但裂缝出现的荷载与破坏荷载比较接近,延性较差。

(3)当材料强度等级和截面尺寸相同时, 预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件与普通混凝土轴心受拉构件的承载力相同;但预应力受弯构件由于应力状态的影响,与普通混凝土受弯构件相比有一定差别。

 

 

第6~7章 钢筋混凝土受拉、受扭构件承载力计算

第6章 钢筋混凝土受拉承载力计算

基本概念:

偏心受拉构件根据纵向拉力N的作用位置不同,其受力破坏特点可分为大、小偏心受拉构件,也就是纵向拉力N的作用线在钢筋As和A"s之外或钢筋As和A"s之间,是判定大小偏心受拉的界限。

一、小偏心受拉构件

当偏心距word/media/image69_1.png时;偏心受拉构件破坏时,全截面混凝土裂通,而退出工作,拉力全部由钢筋承担。当两边钢筋都受拉,而先后达到屈服强度fy时,构件破坏,此为小偏心受拉构件(如教材图6-4)。

二、大偏心受拉构件

当偏心距word/media/image70_1.png,且靠近轴向力一侧的纵向受力钢筋适量时,偏心受拉构件破坏时,首先受拉钢筋达到屈服,最终压区混凝土达到极限压应变,混凝土被压碎而使构件破坏,此为大偏心受拉构件(如教材图6-6)。

 

基本计算公式及计算方法

一、小偏心受压构件正截面承载力计算公式及计算方法

word/media/image71_1.png(一)计算公式


根据破坏特征,建立如图6-4所示的计算简图。

按力矩平衡条件(分别对As和A"s取矩),考虑可靠度设计要求,给出设计计算公式:

word/media/image72_1.png

word/media/image73_1.png

e和e"这些几何参数都可由计算简图中的几何关系求出。

(二)荷载组合

   分析知道小偏心受拉构件所需考虑的荷载组合:计算As应取N和M都大的组合;计算A"s应取N较大而M较小的荷载组合。也就是说,若有多种荷载组合,两边钢筋可能不是同一种荷载组合计算出来的。

(三)计算方法

截面设计时,更加最不利荷载组合,分别按(6-1)、(6-2)计算As和A"s,并满足最小配筋率和构造条件配筋。

截面复核时,可由式(6-1)、式(6-2)分别求得Nu值,其中较小者即为构件正截面的极限承载能力。

 

二、大偏心受压构件正截面承载力计算公式及计算方法

(一)计算公式

word/media/image74_1.png


   

大偏心受拉的破坏特征与大偏心受压构件类似,故所采用的应力图形和计算公式的建立方法与适用条与大偏心受压相类似。但要注意纵向力N的指向正好与大偏心受压构件相反。

按力矩平衡(对As取矩)和力的平衡条件,考虑可靠度设计要求,给出设计计算公式:

word/media/image75_1.png           (6-3)

word/media/image76_1.png(6-4)

(二)计算方法

1.截面设计

(1)已知弯矩设计值M和轴向拉力设计值N、截面尺寸、混凝土和钢筋等级,需求受拉钢筋与受压钢筋截面面积(As及A"s)。

1)根据充分利用混凝土的抗压能力,使用钢量(As+A"s)为最小的原则补充一个条件,即令ξ=ξb(或x=ξbh0)

2)由αsb=ξb(1–0.5ξb)计算得αsb。

3)按式(6-4)计算受压钢筋截面面积

word/media/image37_1.png   word/media/image38_1.png≥ρminbh0                          

  4)按式(6-3)计算受拉钢筋截面面积

word/media/image77_1.png≥ρminbh0

若由式(6-4)计算出的word/media/image40_1.png,则按word/media/image41_1.png配筋。此时因A"s与计算结果相差过大,不能直接求As,应按word/media/image42_1.png为已知的第2种情形计算As。

5)按计算的钢筋截面面积,并考虑构造要求选配和布置钢筋。

(2)已知弯矩设计值M和轴向拉力设计值N、截面尺寸、钢筋与混凝土等级、受压钢筋截面面积A"s(注意此A"s不一定是第1种情形按word/media/image41_1.png配的筋,也可能是由于其它要求,如抗震延性的所需等),求受拉钢筋截面面积As。

此时一定要充分利用已有的受压钢筋,不能再用ξ=ξb,此条件已不成立。共有两个未知数(As与x),可由基本方程直接求解,计算步骤为:

1)按式(6-4)计算

word/media/image43_1.png


    2)由word/media/image44_1.png求得ξ值。

 

3)若ξ>ξb,则说明由于某种原因所要求的受压钢筋A"s数量不够(不是第1种情形转换过来的A"s),应将此A"s看作未知,按第一种情况重新计算A"s与As;也可适当加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土强度等级,来避免超筋破坏。而且不能象偏心受压构件那样,设计为小偏心受拉构件。

4)若word/media/image45_1.png,则由(6-3)式

word/media/image78_1.png≥ρminbh0                    

5)若word/media/image47_1.png,则应下式计算As

word/media/image48_1.png≥ρminbh0                          

6)按计算的钢筋截面面积,并考虑构造要求选配和布置钢筋。

    2.截面复核

   (1)联立解式(6-3)和式(6-4)得x值。

(2)若2a"≤x≤ξbh0,将x值代入式(6-3)或式(6-4)即可求得Nu值或Mu=Nue0;

(3)若x>ξbh0,发生超筋破坏,则取x=ξbh0代入式(6-4)求得实际的Nu;当然不能象偏心受压构件那样,按小偏心受拉构件进行复核。

(4)若x<2a",由式(6-10)求得Nu值。

偏心受拉构件的构造做法请参见前面章节。

解题指导:

熟练掌握教材本章的大、小偏压截面设计例题。

 

第7章 钢筋混凝土受扭构件承载力计算 

基本构造:

受扭构件抗扭钢筋由抗扭纵筋和抗扭箍筋组成。

由于扭矩引起的剪应力在截面四周最大,因此,抗扭纵筋应沿截面周边对称布置,且截面四角处必须放置,其间距不应大于300mm,也不应大于截面宽度b,抗扭纵筋的两端应伸入支座,并满足锚固长度la的要求。

抗扭箍筋必须采用封闭形式且沿截面周边布置(肢数n=2),以每边都能承担拉力,为此,箍筋末端弯钩应大于135°(采用绑扎骨架时),且弯钩端平直长度应大于5dsv(dsv为箍筋直径)和50mm,以使箍筋未端锚固于截面核心混凝土内而可靠的受力。抗扭箍筋的直径和最大间距应满足第4章对箍筋的有关规定。

这种钢筋布置方式既能保证受扭构件的承载力,又能与受弯和受剪钢筋相协调。对受弯和受剪的要求同前。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

基本概念:

一、纯扭构件的破坏形态

word/media/image80_1.png纯扭构件的破坏面是一三面受拉开裂,一面受压的沿45°方向发展的空间扭曲裂面(如教材图7-2示)。属于空间破坏面,破坏形态复杂。由于所配抗扭钢筋数量的不同,而发生三种不同性质的破坏形态。

 

 

 

 

 

 二、弯剪扭构件承载力研究

实际工程中,结构大多数情况下都是处于弯矩、剪力和扭矩共同作用下的复合受力状态。弯剪扭构件受力破坏影响因素较多,使得破坏形态更复杂。

计算中主要要考虑剪扭的相关作用,即剪扭相关性。而受弯独立进行。

1、剪扭相关性

对于剪力和扭矩的共同作用下的构件,由于剪力的存在会降低构件的抗扭承载力;同样,由于扭矩的存在,也会引起构件抗剪承载力的降低。这就是剪扭相关性。

2、剪扭相关性的处理方法

抗剪和抗扭承载力由混凝土和钢筋两部分组成:

第一项为混凝土的承载力,考虑剪扭的相关作用,并以线性关系代替1/4圆曲线的相关关系规律(见教材图7-10),以简化计算。经分析,引入剪扭构件混凝土受扭承载力降低系数word/media/image81_1.png来具体反映剪扭相关性对剪扭构件承载力的影响。

第二项为钢筋的承载力,不考虑剪扭的相关作用。

 3.带翼缘截面构件剪扭承载力计算原则

带翼缘截面关键是能正确的分块,截面分块划分的原则是首先满足腹板截面的完整性,即按宽为b沿总高h划分一矩形面积,然后再划分受压翼缘和受拉翼缘的面积(如图示)。

分块进行承载力计算时,要合理进行内力分配。

近似认为扭矩由整个截面分担,各矩形小块承担的扭矩按各小块受扭塑性抵抗矩比值的大小加以确定。剪力只由腹板承担,即腹板按剪扭截面计算,而翼缘按纯扭截面计算。

word/media/image82_1.png 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

弯剪扭构件承载力计算方法

1.以式 word/media/image83_1.png

验算构件截面,以防止剪扭构件超筋破坏。不满足,则应加大截面尺寸或提高混凝土强度等级。

2.若满足下式要求: word/media/image84_1.png

则只需按受弯构件的正截面受弯承载力进行计算,而不需要进行剪扭配筋计算,仅按构造要求,并满足最小配筋率设置腹筋。

3.若满足下式要求:

word/media/image85_1.png

则可不计剪力V的影响,而只需按受弯构件的正截面受弯和受扭构件的纯扭分别来进行承载力计算。在剪扭相关性讨论中,认为Vc/Vc0≤0.5时,取Tc/Tc0=1.0,忽略剪力V的影响,所以有上结论。

4.若满足下式要求:

word/media/image86_1.png

则可不计扭矩T的影响,而只需按受弯构件的正截面和斜截面分别进行受弯和受剪承载力计算。在剪扭相关性讨论中,认为Tc/Tc0≤0.5时,取Vc/Vc0=1.0,忽略扭矩T的影响,所以有上结论。

5.若构件受力只满足式(7-22)的条件,而必须进行正常的弯剪扭构件承载力计算,则可按下列两方面进行:

(1)按受弯构件正截面受弯承载力计算所需的纵向钢筋As;

(2)按式(7-19)、式(7-20)、式(7-21)计算抗剪、扭纵向钢筋和箍筋:

(3)将上述分别计算所得的钢筋,按弯、剪、扭相应的构造要求进行布置,在重叠部位处的钢筋面积先进行叠加,而后再选配钢筋。如下为叠加配筋示意图,在这里同学们一定要清楚不同受力钢筋的布置位置。


 

 

word/media/image87_1.png 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

解题指导:

    要求能看明白教材例题,会用基本公式进行计算。

 

第8、10章钢筋混凝土构件正常使用极限状态验算和装配式钢筋混凝土矩形渡槽设计

第8章 钢筋混凝土构件正常使用极限状态验算

 

一、抗裂验算

抗裂就是不容许出现裂缝。对于一旦开裂就会严重影响使用性或耐久性的结构,应进行抗裂验算,采取措施保证其在正常使用阶段不开裂。

1、轴心受拉构件的抗裂验算

根据轴心受拉构件的抗裂极限状态:混凝土的拉应力σc=ft(教材图8-1),拉应变εc =εtu;钢筋拉应力可根据钢筋和混凝土应变相等的关系求得σs=εsEs=εcEs =αEεtuEc=αEft。对换算截面面积A0= Ac+αEAs(这样才好利用力学中的匀质弹性体分析方法),由力的平衡条件可求得即将发生裂缝时的抗裂轴向拉力:

Ncr= Acft+σs As= Acft+αEft As= ft(Ac +αE As)= ft A0  

在正常使用极限状态验算时,考虑目标可靠指标的要求,引进一个拉应力限制系数αct,形成有限拉应力状态,并且混凝土抗拉强度取用标准值,荷载也取用标准值。所以,对于轴心受拉构件,在荷载效应的短期组合及长期组合下,应按下列公式分别进行抗裂验算:

Ns≤αct ftk A0

Nl≤αct ftk A0

2、受弯构件的抗裂验算

根据受弯构件的抗裂极限状态,即第3章讨论的受弯构件在第Ⅰ阶段末尾将开裂的Ⅰa状态计算构件抗裂弯矩Mcr(见下图a)

由于混凝土受拉区的塑性发展,拉应力图形为曲线形(见下图a),可近似假定混凝土受拉区应力分布为见下图b所示的梯形,最终为分析方便,且能利用力学中的匀质弹性体计算方法,保持抗裂弯矩不变,转换为弹性应力分布(见下图c)。混凝土受拉区的塑性发展后,抗裂弯矩要大于弹性阶段(边缘混凝土的拉应力也是ft,但没有发展塑性)的值。因此,若转换为弹性应力分布,而要保持计算的抗裂弯矩不变,就必须改变应力图形的参数大小。这里在考虑塑性性质后,把弹性极限应力提高为γmft。


 

 

 

 

 经过这样的换算,就可把构件视作截面面积为A0= Ac+αE As+αE A"s的匀质弹性体,引用材料力学的公式,可得出受弯构件正截面抗裂弯矩Mcr的计算公式

 Mcr=γmftkW0

同样,引进一个拉应力限制系数αct,在荷载效应的短期组合及长期组合下,按下列公式分别进行抗裂验算:

Ms≤αctftkγmW0

Ml≤αctftkγmW0

如果验算公式两边同除以截面特征值(轴拉为A0、受弯为W0),实际相当于在荷载效应的短期组合和长期组合两种情况下,构件验算点拉应力不能超过由混凝土拉应力限制系数αct控制的应力值αctftk。偏心受力构件同样道理分析。

Ms( Ml)≤Mcr即满足抗裂要求。规范偏于安全出发用 αct对ftk进行了折减,也可宏观认为是对Mcr的折减。拉应力限制系数 αct的采用,实际上就是对混凝土抗拉强度标准值进行折减以控制截面应力不超过一更保守的限定值。短期组合和长期组合的概念见第2章。

3、偏心受力构件的抗裂验算

偏心受力构件可采用与受弯构件相同的方法分析计算抗裂性能,但关键是混凝土塑性影响系数γ的确定。

研究表明,偏心受拉构件受拉区塑化效应与受弯构件的塑化效应相比,有所减弱,这是因为它的受拉区应变梯度(受拉区边缘应变εtu与截面受拉区高度的比值。)比受弯构件的应变梯度要小。但它的塑化效应又比轴心受拉构件的大,因为轴心受拉构件的应变梯度为零(见教材图8-5)。因此,偏心受拉构件的塑性影响系数γ偏拉应处于γm(受弯构件的塑性影响系数)与1(轴心受拉构件的塑性影响系数)之间,可近似地认为γ偏拉是随截面的平均拉应力σ=Ns/ A0(σ=Nl/ A0)的大小,按线性规律在1与γm之间变化。

偏心受压构件由于受拉区应变梯度比较大,塑化效应比较充分,因而其塑性影响系数γ偏压比受弯构件的γm大。但在实际应用中,为简化计算并考虑偏于安全,取与受弯构件相同的数值,即取γ偏压=γm。

经变换后,就可得出偏心受力构件在荷载效应的短期组合和长期组合下的抗裂验算教材公式(8-19、8-19、8-22、8-23)。

γ反映了截面塑性发展对构件抗裂性能的影响程度。

4、提高构件抗裂能力的方法

分析表明,开裂之前钢筋应力是很低的(混凝土的拉应变很低,钢筋与混凝土在开

裂之前保持应变协调限制了钢筋应力的发展),即对于钢筋混凝土的抗裂能力而言,钢筋所起的作用不大,对抗裂贡献是很有限的。所以用增加钢筋配筋率的办法来提高构件的抗裂能力是极不经济的,钢筋是在开裂后才有效发挥其限制裂缝作用。加大构件截面尺寸、特别是截面高度与提高混凝土的强度等级可有效提高构件抗裂能力。在混凝土中掺入纤维也可提高构件抗裂能力,最根本的方法是采用预应力混凝土结构,但这实际已超出普通钢筋混凝土结构的范围。

二、裂缝宽度验算

不必要求抗裂的构件,就可以放宽标准,允许其出现裂缝。但如果裂缝过宽,则会降低混凝土的抗渗性和抗冻性等使用功能,进而影响结构的耐久性和外观,并会引起使用者心理不安。因此,对这种构件就必须进行裂缝宽度验算,限制其裂缝宽度过大。

1、引起裂缝的因素

(1)荷载。荷载引起的混凝土的拉应变达到混凝土的极限拉应变时,混凝土就会开裂。

(2)非荷载因素。温度变化,混凝土收缩,基础沉降,混凝土塑性坍塌,钢筋锈蚀,碱—骨料化学反应等非荷载因素引起的变形受到约束时,就可能产生裂缝。

非荷载作用引起的裂缝目前还无法准确计算,但可从材料、设计和施工等方面采取措施予以减轻其危害。

2、裂缝宽度计算公式

(1)平均裂缝宽度

平均裂缝宽度等于平均裂缝间距内钢筋和混凝土的平均受拉伸长之差(见图8-10),即

wcr=εsmlcr-εcmlcr=word/media/image89_1.png

裂缝间钢筋应变不均匀系数ψ=εsm/εs,反映了裂缝间受拉混凝土参与受拉工作的程度。裂缝间钢筋的平均拉应变εsm肯定小于裂缝截面处的钢筋应变εs。显然,ψ值不会大于1。ψ值越小,表示混凝土承受拉力的程度越大,因为裂缝间钢筋的平均拉应变εsm肯定小,主要由混凝土承受拉力;ψ值越大,表示混凝土承受拉力的程度越小,各截面中钢筋的应力、应变也比较均匀;当ψ值等于1时,表示混凝土完全脱离受拉工作,钢筋应力趋于均匀。这是可以说是原裂缝间的混凝土都已开裂而退出工作,全为裂缝截面。

(2)最大裂缝宽度

在荷载长期作用下,由于钢筋与混凝土的粘结滑移徐变、拉应力松弛和受拉混凝土的收缩影响,导致裂缝间混凝土不断退出工作,钢筋平均应变增大,裂缝宽度随时间推移逐渐增大。我们要控制的就是钢筋处的最大裂缝宽度。

经分析,按综合裂缝开展宽度计算理论给出了按荷载效应的短期组合(并考虑部分荷载长期作用的影响)和荷载效应长期组合的最大裂缝宽度:

word/media/image90_1.png

1)按荷载效应的短期组合(并考虑部分荷载长期作用的影响)的最大裂缝宽度

word/media/image91_1.png


word/media/image91_1.png

word/media/image92_1.png2)按荷载效应长期组合的最大裂缝宽度

 

这里主要讨论几个概念:

ρte ——纵向受拉钢筋的有效配筋率,ρte =As/Ate

Ate——有效受拉混凝土截面面积,取其重心与受拉较大一侧钢筋As(如是小偏拉,要按受拉较大的钢筋计算,包括应力,因此处裂缝宽度大)重心相一致的混凝土面积,即 Ate=2abf(如图示中,两个a要相等且取较小值)

σss,σsl——分别按荷载效应的短期组合和长期组合,根据第Ⅱ阶段的截面应力特征计算。如图为受弯构件第Ⅱ阶段的截面应力状态。

 详细请看教材。

 3、减小裂缝宽度的方法

如果Wmax超过允许值,则应采取相应措施予以减小。如:

适当减小钢筋直径,使钢筋在混凝土中均匀分布;

采用与混凝土粘结较好的变形钢筋;

适当增加配筋量,以降低使用阶段的钢筋应力。裂缝宽度与钢筋应力基本成正比

这些方法都能一定程度减小正常使用条件下的裂缝宽度。而适当增加配筋量不够经济合理。对限制裂缝宽度而言最根本的方法也是采用预应力混凝土结构。而截面尺寸和混凝土强度对构件裂缝宽度的影响很小。

三、变形验算

1、钢筋混凝土梁变形计算的特点

对于匀质弹性材料梁,当梁的截面尺寸和材料确定后,截面的抗弯刚度EI就为常数了,然后可按《材料力学》的公式计算变形。由下图可知,钢筋混凝土梁由于塑性变形的出现以及裂缝的产生和发展,导致变形模量降低和截面惯性矩下降,使截面的抗弯刚度随着荷载的增加而不断降低。

对其正常使用状况(即属第3章讨论的第 = 1 \* ROMAN I、 = 2 \* ROMAN II阶段)下的挠度进行计算时,采用恒定的刚度EI就不能反映梁的实际工作情况。所以规范用抗弯刚度B取代式中的EI,B是随弯矩M的增大而减小的变量。分析表明,刚度B确定后仍可按材料力学的计算公式计算梁的挠度。所以,钢筋混凝土梁的变形(挠度)计算就归结为抗弯刚度B的计算。

word/media/image93_1.png


 

 

 

 

 

 

2、受弯构件的短期刚度Bs

(1)不出现裂缝的构件

 Bs=0.85EcI0

0.85——考虑混凝土出现塑性时弹性模量的降低系数。此为阶段Ⅰ的刚度计算。

(2)出现裂缝的构件

Bs=(0.025+0.28αEρ)(1+0.55γ"f+0.12γf)Ecbh03

2、受弯构件的长期刚度Bl

在荷载长期作用下,钢筋混凝土梁受压区混凝土将产生压缩徐变,受拉区混凝土与钢筋之间将产生粘结滑移徐变,使受拉混凝土不断退出工作,即使荷载不增加,挠度也将随时间的增加而增大。混凝土收缩也会造成梁刚度降低、变形增大。因此需要得到长期刚度Bl,以求最大挠度值。

(1)荷载效应的短期组合(并考虑部分荷载长期作用影响)的刚度

word/media/image94_1.png
(2)荷载效应的长期组合的刚度

Bl= Bs/θ

4、最小刚度原则

构件的截面刚度随截面的内力和配筋大小而变,即沿构件跨度方向各截面刚度不等。为简化起见,在按材料力学方法计算受弯构件的变形时,取同号弯矩区段内截面的最小刚度作为该区段的平均刚度,而按等刚度或分段等刚度的构件进行计算。

5、提高刚度的方法

若验算挠度不能满足规范要求时,则表示构件的抗弯刚度不足。可以通过增加截面尺寸、提高混凝土强度等级、适当增加配筋量和选用合理的截面(如T形或工形等)的方法来提高刚度。但合理而有效的措施是适当增大截面的高度。采用预应力混凝土结构也可有效提高构件刚度。

这里计算时,要把荷载效应组合的概念真正弄懂。在第2章已经讲过,短时间内,可能存在所有对结构不利的荷载都出现的组合,当然是指的变化着的活荷载的短时共存,再叠加上必然存在的永久荷载,这就是荷载效应的短期组合。也就是说此组合中,长、短期荷载都有,所以可称为荷载效应的短期组合(并考虑部分荷载长期作用影响)的情况,承载力计算也只用到此组合。而荷载效应的长期组合中,只有长期作用性质的那部分荷载,即可由短期组合中,把短时间内存在的活荷载去掉,只保留长期作用永久荷载和可变荷载准永久值。所以,可以知道:短期组合的载准值实际包含了长期组合的载准值。

四、混凝土结构的耐久性

结构的耐久性是指结构在使用环境下,对物理的、化学的以及其他使结构材料性能恶化的各种侵蚀的抵抗能力。混凝土结构的耐久性问题越来越受到人们的重视。在设计混凝土结构时,除了进行承载力计算、变形和裂缝验算外,还必须进行耐久性设计。

由于影响因素的复杂,目前混凝土结构的耐久性设计实质上是针对影响耐久性能的主要因素提出相应的对策,即以概念设计为主。一般是采取措施一定来保证耐久性,提高耐久性的主要措施有:

合理加大混凝土保护层的最小厚度;严格按规范控制裂缝宽度;注意保证混凝土原材料的质量;提高混凝土的密实度;采用耐腐蚀钢筋;在结构表面设置专门的防渗面层等。

正常使用极限状态验算的基本概念一定要清楚,要看懂课本例题,会用基本公式进行计算。

        

第10章 装配式钢筋混凝土矩形渡槽设计

 

    这一章实际是一设计专题,结合水利工程一输水建筑物——渡槽,使同学们了解如何利用前面学过的基本知识来解决一实际结构的设计问题,掌握设计过程和方法,建立工程设计概念。

渡槽是渠道跨越河流、洼地和道路的输水建筑物,是水利工程中应用最广的交叉建筑物之一。渡槽结构和一般桥梁相似,由上部结构(槽身)和下部结构(墩、台或刚架)组成。

一、渡槽上部结构——槽身选型

1、纵向结构

纵向结构可考虑选用梁式渡槽结构型式。梁式渡槽的槽身在纵向起梁的作用,墙体既横向挡水,又起纵向大梁抗弯作用,使横向挡水与纵向承重有机合一。
采用简支梁式渡槽(见图示),施工方便,适应地基能力强。单跨简支梁式渡槽的优点是吊装方便,不受地形和渡槽高度的限制。缺点是槽身纵向正弯矩较大,且底板位于受拉区,对抗裂防渗不利。因此,简支梁式槽身的跨度一般需限制在15m以内。中小型渡槽常常采用此结构。

word/media/image95_1.png 

 

 

 

 

 

 2、横向结构

矩形断面渡槽具有受力明确、计算可靠、施工简便等优点,钢筋混凝土梁式渡槽槽身多采用此种型式。

小型渡槽常用的矩形断面渡槽有:

(1)无横杆式(教材图10-4a)。在有通航要求或小型渡槽中采用无横杆的矩形槽。槽身侧墙在水平水压力作用下如同一悬臂板。缺点是在墙身较高时,侧墙底部弯矩较大。 

(2)有横杆式(教材图10-4b)。在无通航要求的渡槽中常采用有横杆的矩形槽,横杆间距常为2~3m。槽顶设置的横杆可作为侧墙顶部的一个支点,槽身横向受力犹如框架结构,从而改善了侧墙和底板的受力条件。

 

二、下部结构——支承刚架和基础

(1)支承刚架

刚架是由横梁和立柱刚性连接(刚节点)所组成的承重结构。

刚架形式有单刚架、双刚架等(教材图10-5)。单刚架高度H一般在15m以内;双刚架承载力高、刚度大,高度一般可在25m以内。根据使用要求,刚架结构可以是单层多跨的或多层多跨的。当刚架高度只在5m以下时,一般采用单层刚架,在5m以上时,则宜采用双层刚架或多层刚架。

(2)基础

刚架立柱所受的荷载都要通过基础传给地基,柱下基础的类型很多,如槽身不宽,所受荷载不大,地基又是土基(粘土、砂土、碎石土地基),则基础可采用混凝土就地浇筑成的单独基础或条形基础。

1)柱下单独基础

柱下单独基础是一根柱下一个基础,常用的柱下单独基础有锥形基础和阶梯形基础两种(见教材图10-6)。

2)条形基础

两个柱基础连在一起,作成钢筋混凝土条形基础,如图10-8所示。

三、槽身结构设计计算

1、荷载及其组合

(1)渡槽上作用的荷载

结构自重;水重及水压力;人行道上的人群荷载;预制构件的吊装荷载,施工荷载

等。

(2)承载力计算的荷载组合

渡槽槽身中的水深为设计流量下的设计水深时,与同时出现的其它荷载(结构自重+人群荷载)的组合,按持久状况的基本组合考虑;

槽身中的水深为加大流量下的校核水深时,与同时出现的其它荷载(结构自重+人群荷载)的组合,按短暂状况的基本组合

(3)正常使用验算的荷载组合

短期组合(水深+人群荷载+结构自重)

长期组合(设计水深+结构自重)。

 2、槽身横向计算
槽身横向计算时,可沿纵向(顺槽身方向)取单位长度lm槽身为脱离体进行计算,不带横杆槽身结构计算简图如图所示。根据结构力学方法计算出各部分的内力,然后可按前面所学知识进行设计和验算。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

在选择人行道板、侧墙及底板钢筋时,要注意钢筋间距互相协调(下图示),以方便施工时绑扎钢筋。协调就是三者的钢筋间距应是倍数关系,这可通过改变钢筋直径来调整。

word/media/image97_1.png 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3、槽身纵向计算

梁式渡槽的槽身纵向计算是受弯构件,但要注意其截面形式的复杂性,配筋方式的特殊性(可上图)。

支承刚架和基础的设计方法可见其它有关教材。

 


(英文版 )

easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the < code > and < rule >, lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management

, strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the < code > and < rule > is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with < > and < >. To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of "concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing" three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the < code > as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement < >, do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Don"t always take everything back to things, and don"t get into a blind alley, don"t want to face, don"t be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, I"m afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell don"t 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth,

Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open one"s mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also don"t envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, ma"am, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, don"t envy him A sum of, don"t lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also can"t let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze, the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of live, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The pursuit will be disappointed; to be alive, you will have trouble. Life is the most afraid of what all want to care about, but also what all grasp is not firm, without scenery, separated populations, such as not to desire, all docked in the fate of the end. Why is too rigid, the natural, to go stay not to live, let go of obsession, revel is 20, if the fate of the broken Hopes of sailing, please don"t despair, the coast is still, if the fate of the withered petals of the beautiful, please do not sink, the spring is still, life will always be endless trouble, please don"t helpless, because they are still alive, is still a dream, the sun still, we still. Lost, keep memories; to get, must work to; but the most important is good to cherish their own. 21, life, select the complex, is to choose the pain; choose a simple, is choose to be happy. The complex world like a

Significance of pride. Hope is the ornate palace, outside people admiring the magnificent, living in the deep knowledge of living it to pay the price. Simple world as a simple log cabin outside ridiculed shabby, the heart is willing to go live to know the joy. Suffering and joy is their own choice. 22, learn how to use a single powerful heart, let the past be the past, let the future come. Life is really the end of the end of an eagle is flying wings, life is constantly pursuit. Don"t miss to regret, don"t wait for old just miss. Time to return, seize every moment, again painstakingly again tired also Those struggling to fly. 23, life could not Yimapingchuan, even flat pavement, inevitably there will be a few pieces of roadblocks. Some of the rocks around the past, while others have to move it out. Just move others put the stone is very easy, because the stone from the appearance we can discern; difficult to myself to move away the heart of stone head. Leave time to spend with her, often reflect my heart, so as to remove your heart of stone. 24, everything does not have to be demanding, come to, everything does not have to care about, over the past; failing to do not frown, laugh it laugh. Results Don"t demand, do to; life is a simple, calm and peaceful. Always not to choose their own path and regret, life is like a train, the scenery and then the United States will retreat, the passage of time and encounter will eventually drifting further and further away, before is always himself. 25, everyone has a weakness, weakness is true humanity. That has no weakness, a shallow person. That people think there is no weakness, mostly false. Life has shortcomings, there are shortcomings is the real life. That no one regret, or childish or numbness or Self deception. It is in tolerance of weakness and so on to accept, people live happily.

Hello, everyone! I am a party member. The title of my speech is: < study and implement the party"s two laws, doing practical play highway. 2015 October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the implementation of the < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and punishment regulations. We Heyuan male passers-by to respond positively to the call of the Central Committee of the party, earnestly organize the study "party two regulations", truly grasp the essence and gist, and in their respective positions, to hold the bottom line of the discipline, build a strong ideological line of defense, with the courage to play, the courage to fight tough and fearless spirit, at the crucial moment well to complete the task, with practical action to test the study and implement effect Because of discipline in the * * * * * * * * * * * story. Here, let me to cast a brick to attract jade, speak about our highway. Highway line section of the road surface transformation project, last year "towards the country seized" will be seized one of the items. To complete this arduous task, as a project management office director Comrade, keep in mind from the Communist Party membership, recognize and identify the "bottom line", strict management, and strict adherence to the quality of the project. He not only set an example, honesty and self-discipline, but also requires the management of all the members of the O.K., do not eat the construction unit one meal, do not accept the construction unit a ceremony. In this way, they didn"t really dare to adhere to the principle. No comrade, constantly put on reworking an emergency meeting to Comrade Zhen to speak louder, management tube too strict. Remember in Dongguan Street, 400 meters long cement concrete surface layer, because of various reasons, the smoothness of the poor in the bottom cavity, covering film traces and car imprinting quality problems, * * * inquiries, immediately rushed to the scene to understand and verify the situation, the convening of the management office, the construction units, supervision units, construction units, construction units construction time is tight, the economic loss and other reasons to intercede ******** unmoved. He said, "now a popular word, to the discipline and rules quite in front, there are no rules Radius, you construction team not accordance with the technical specifications, quality problems, it must be to carry out rectification. Engineering quality responsibility be weightier than Mount Tai, if we manage to this matter

Pavement quality quantity are placed the matter, we this time to learn two regulations have what use? Still what is the Communist Party? "Finally, in his insisted, the road after rework, to solve these problems. In the construction of the new comrades and the project all the colleagues efforts, after four months of fighting, the project the main project was finally completed and passed inspection. Thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles Piao, this is a splendid and romantic scene. But snow for the highway, it is a disaster, a serious threat to the traffic safety. This year, a month, a century of cold wave swept from North to south, and the snow blowing to Guangdong, but also to bear the blow To * * * * the highway. In January on the evening of 23, Lianping county city temperatures dropped to minus 2 degrees, a wide range of sudden rain sleet, before and after the provincial S341 line in Jiulianshan Mountain tunnel sections of the road appeared in the snow, lead to the passing vehicles skid, traffic is blocked. In the face of the sudden natural disasters, city and county highway department immediately launched the emergency plan for disaster prevention. As the front line of the main force, Lianping Highway Bureau of all Party members and cadres to remember the Party member responsibility, braving the biting cold wind, the first time rushed to the scene, on the icy pavement of salt disposal. Because the temperature is too low, just melt water immediately freezes, addition to the ice work to increase the difficulty. To ensure In addition to the re organization of the depths of the traffic safety, road people braved the icy put reflective cones and warning signs, endure cold at minus 2,3 of Jiulianshan patrols until one in the morning. Just before dawn, Lianping Highway Bureau personnel on the icy road salt ice melting processing until ten o"clock, ice melting ice success, the road gradually returned to normal traffic. In the cold winter night, which people do not miss the warm bed, which people do not miss the warm home. However, our highway on the road to the owners of the masses can go home early, the night fighting to secure the avoidance of the road safety and smoothness, fulfill their responsibility. Xi General Secretary Every Party member cadre cautioned against said: blacksmith needs self hard "." two regulations ", is our own hard standard test, more exercise every party members and cadres of the fire. We should continue to strengthen the party two regulations, conscientiously in practical work, practical play road, the road for the development of the cause of Heyuan and struggle.

In the industry domain report the situation of road traffic in recent years, in the province highway departments of the concern and support, our bureau management department based on the job, loyalty duty, best service, to further promote the highway management standardization, legal, scientific and information technology to improve the management level and service quality. This will be my last work is as follows: first, around the center, go all out to greet the seizure in 2015, "meet national examination" is my bureau work. As the highway management department, we focus on the work of the center to strengthen road renovation and management as the focal point, further optimize the service environment, improve service levels. Inspection, the inspection group and the Ministry of transport, the Bureau under the leadership of the ministries and agencies highly evaluated and fully affirmed. (a) increase road area remediation efforts. The programme of work, strengthen the organization and leadership. The timely development of the city of , along the road signs and markings, traffic safety facilities, on both sides of the green, advertising signs, control area illegal construction and implementation of remediation tasks to the relevant departments, clear work time of the node to ensure rectification work timely. Set up road area special rectification work leading group, implement a bureau, the Bureau of the county (District), the project road site domain environment comprehensive improvement Mechanism. To ensure that the work carried out smoothly, the bureau also organized the city road managers participated in the regulation of road region and the relevant laws and regulations of the special training. 2. Active butt joint is reported, actively strive for the support of. Local Party committee and government support is the job

As a magic weapon, I am one of the Bureau of the principal leaders repeatedly attack inspection "remediation and road area to the principal leaders of the municipal report. * * *, the Secretary of municipal Party committee, mayor * *, * * *, vice mayor of many times the rate of the relevant departments directly under the responsible person in-depth National Highway G105 line, G205 line, provincial S341 line and the other highway project site, on-site office, coordination solve engineering construction and environmental comprehensive renovation in the presence of difficulties and problems. Last year, national highway along the county (District) government led organizations deploy traffic, urban management, public security, land, environmental protection, industry and commerce, highways and other related departments, to carry out to dismantle illegal construction and ground structures, cleaning up illegal standard Records label "as the main content of the road domain integrated environmental remediation activities and achieved good results. 3. Pay attention to comprehensive management, improve the effectiveness of remediation. Road construction control management has been strengthened. According to the relevant provisions of the laws and regulations of the < Highway Law > and < highway safety regulations for the protection of > and so on, county * *, * * County People"s Government on highway construction control area were delineated and issue a public notice, * * County People"s government also approved by the executive meeting of the government through discussion, implementation of road boundary markers of 73 million yuan of special funds input, stake setting. According to statistics, last year the city has erected building control zone peg 820, construction control area boundary markers 815 . the second is highway greening and beautification work enhance the road area remediation effectiveness. Will highway greening and beautification work as road area remediation of a key, invite garden experts to guide the design of green, the implementation of high standards for ecological landscape highway activities to create, five years, I board greening mileage of more than 900 kilometers, appropriate road greening greening rate of 100%, effectively enhance the city road greening level and grade, adds a sharp scenery line for **********. Third, rectification of illegal construction and occupation of the road has been checked. By through the town, crossing the road on many occasions to carry out concentrated rectification actions, to clear the remnants of the wall, broken Archives of highways in strict accordance with the wall of building structures and the illegal deposits, remediation along the Jeeves, Jeeves placed advertisements and vehicle maintenance, car washing and other acts, standardize and purification on both sides of the highway billboards and other non road signs, I city of national and provincial highway basic elimination of the "dirty, chaotic, poor, blocking phenomenon, highway traffic environment purification, landscaping. (2) to strengthen the management on the basic data management. The level of the archives management regulations, formulate the < file management system >, the establishment of the road, the implementation of the file manager, file collection, filing, sorting, filing, confidentiality, custody, borrow, identification pin Destroy the standardization. 2, standardized management, enhance service image (a) evaluation system to further improve in order to strengthen and standardize guidance and assessment of each county (area) bureau of highways management work, the Bureau developed a . According to the provisions of the road approval procedures and processes to carry out road license, do according to the law, the license in accordance with the law, shall be subject to examination and approval of the. Implement the collective examination and approval, to strengthen supervision. Highways and approval of business implementation of technical review of administrative approval and separation, the audit focused on the more complex involved in the road licensing matters, collective decision-making, to improve the scientific nature of the road administrative examination and approval, reduce approval corruption risks. Second is to promote the In administrative permission of information technology to improve service quality. According to the and the ministries of the Provincial Bureau of the relevant documents, I board in front of the June 2015 completed the identification of law enforcement, law enforcement station appearance, clothing of law enforcement, law enforcement documents "four unification". (5) the AILU nursing atmosphere further formation of my bureau attaches great importance to the propaganda work of highway management "road awareness month" into , < highway Ann Quanbao supporting regulations > legal text, a total of 500 this. The second is to carry out "12.4" national legal advocacy day activities, the city road officers go deep among the masses interpretation of highway Highways Management laws, regulations and policy advocacy, analysis for illegal construction at both sides of the road, a typical case of illegal advertising management, showing public road construction and maintenance of highways The actual results of the management, the masses love protection consciousness and social awareness to further enhance the enforcement of highways.

In recent years, I board in the highway management work were some beneficial explorations and the attempt, and achieved initial results, but there is still a certain gap compared with requirements of the Provincial Bureau and other brothers City, we will to implement the party"s spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the opportunity, and further increase the intensity of road management work, and constantly improve the overall quality of the workforce and the ability to learn, and strive to achieve the new highway across.

Today the topic of democratic life will I talk about the main to correctly treat leave turn ensure transition delicate gas is understanding, to carry out criticism and self-criticism, in-depth to find problems, profound analysis of the causes, through self analysis to find their own existence problem, to correctly understand their own, strengthen the party spirit training, to ensure that the election of smoothly and successfully completed. Below I talk about their own situation, please put forward valuable opinion. Main understanding (a) serious discipline, to create a delicate gas is in the general environment in accordance with the Central Commission for discipline inspection organs, < of Organization Department of CPC Central Committee on strengthening the election of the notice of customs supervision >, municipal < on doing a good job City Township leadership transition in the notification > and county Party Committee Organization Department of the county Party Committee Organization Department < on the convening of the correct treatment leave turn ensure transition Fengqing gas is a feature of democratic life notice > files related to the spirit of the requirements, earnestly implement the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be" the solemn discipline, I earnestly study the < Chinese Communist Party principle of honesty and self-discipline >. < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations >, < promote leading cadre of some regulations >, < party and government leading cadres selection and appointment Regulations > and file, and a profound understanding of the nine is prohibited, a nine law "discipline essence and firmly safeguard the election of serious Ensure the unhealthy tendencies have successfully completed, and actively create a delicate gas is the election of environment, to ensure that the election, so as to further strengthen the town leadership and cadre team construction. Through the study, in-depth thinking, to a serious discipline the importance and necessity of a more profound understanding. First, it is the iron discipline. The central put forward the "nine is prohibited, nine shall be the reason for early serious general discipline, designated" high-voltage wire, "itself reflects the party committees at all levels of the reelection of attaches great importance to the objective is bright resolute attitude, the implementation of effective measures, the same candidate to fight with discipline election of wind Discipline in gas is health. Secondly, this is prevenient. From some typical cases, we can see that individual cadres election to engage in speculative hack canvassing votes, in violation of discipline, and ultimately paid a high price. The destruction of Hengyang election case and Nanchong canvassing bribery case that strengthen election discipline, serious election discipline of necessity and importance. The discipline of publicity to the public, wide report, that is, early warning, early hit precautionary needle, tell the cadres should do what shouldn"t do, what to do and what not to do, and better education of cadres, warning cadres, and build a strong line of defense, to avoid the occurrence of similar problems. There is duty. Serious discipline, with a strong team is an important starting point. As the leadership of the party members and cadres, take the lead in the implementation and take the lead in upholding the election of discipline, which is a major political responsibility. Must be clear requirements, strict constraints themselves, cherish the honor, safeguard the image of the organization; promote righteousness, play an exemplary role. Especially as deputy Township, but also to give a full play to its role, always stand in the discipline of first-line maintenance. The wind Su Ji through the election of the work of the whole process. (II) serious discipline, treat correctly leave turn as a cadre of the party, whether it is in, is back, stay, turn are organization

Metabolism of entrepreneurial career, need and development need. So, his first with a broad mind to treat "leave turn". The position is officer positions, power for the people service tools. Different positions of the party"s cause, plays a decisive role, the same important. To ability strong, style of comrade to important positions and applause, is full of vigor and vitality and promising young cadres in leadership and cheer for their own "leave turn" and calmly face, calm place. Second is to a healthy state of mind to treat "leave turn". The personnel of metabolic, between the past and the present. Cadre new old alternant, team, push In the party constitution control strict working to career development objective need, is never the end of the historical process. Each a cadre must face up to the laws of nature to think we also took the former relay baton "go on leadership post, regardless of the current positions, positions and responsibilities have what change, can do for peace of mind and mood, such as water, in a happy mood. (3) carefully and find out the problem, correct understanding of themselves, even though they do conscientious, serious attitude, honesty in politics, but high standard < >, the control standard, especially control learning, striving for excellent activities emerge in large numbers of advanced characters, advanced deeds Static not consciously practice the "strict three real" and strengthen the party spirit accomplishment to find the gap, swing is insufficient, a clear direction, mainly manifested in the following aspects: one is the learning initiative and self-consciousness. Often busy with work as an excuse, not consciously take the initiative to spare time to learn. Is often superior to learn what to learn what, and work closely to learn, and working relationship is not less to learn. Mainly manifested in the theoretical study is not thorough, system is not thorough, the Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" important thought, the scientific concept of development and learning, general secretary of the series of speech learning, just from the surface on learning In the less less less and not deep enough, not from the deeper study, to study, to understand, to sentiment, to use, to guide the work. The second is to investigate the research. This year their participation in the county, the county government"s important meeting, the town Party work time is more, coupled with the specific affairs busy, in-depth primary research time reduced. The inspection was carried out research activities, there are surface examination, thematic research, listen to reports and discussion research, the general requirements and specific guidance, in a certain extent, affected the timely discovery and solve. Third is the level of leadership, leadership and need to be further improved. Stroke the personnel selection is positive, work coordination and cooperation can"t to the best effect; in the coordination to deal with some complex problems, the approach is not enough. Especially encountered, time is tight, the task is heavy, is often the soldiers to be blocked, the water to soil cover, struggling to cope with. The global and forward-looking innovation is not enough. (4) to ensure that the transition delicate gas selected loyal to the party loyal to the people of leading cadres (recommended) for the county to provide accurate information to ensure the transition in the air, after the general election of work have a greater change. The second is balanced, promote the work in an orderly manner. In the future a period of time, the transition will be in the county under the leadership of the Extended surface. And breeding industry and the construction of key projects also in actively, they have to seriously consider, overall transition and key projects to promote. Education team members and the town, village cadres actively participate in industry cultivate the work, with outstanding achievements to accept the assessment of test of the organization and the masses of the people, in the town set up promising is a strong general business and the right atmosphere general election, do election and projects to promote the two not mistake, the promotion of two. Second, the rectification measures

One is to enhance learning, awareness raising, he will continue to strengthen learning, improve the level of awareness, their own unity of thought and action to the county, township party committee of arrangements for the election. The second is correctly, strengthen discipline, own the right of transition, a matter of personal leave turn, as a town, deputy secretary of Party committee, themselves are fully aware of the only serious work, strict demands on themselves in order to not negative expectations of organizations and the masses, so that individuals can well deal with good transition in personal leave turn. Three people on the election promise as Deputy Secretary of the Party committee, in the election of my solemn commitment to Catch: if a is strictly abide by and take the lead in the implementation of the "nine is prohibited, nine" transition discipline, not to engage in cliques, not to engage in canvassing votes buying and selling, buying, and no fraud swindlers officer, do not intercede say hello, not illegal, not to run gas leak, do not interfere with changing times, accomplish strict discipline, warning, with iron discipline firmly put unhealthy trends, promote delicate gas to ensure transition in the healthy and orderly development; the second is resolutely obey organization arrangement, and resolutely to stress the party spirit, principle, discuss overall situation, correctly treat personal leave turn, the correct treatment the election results and focus on their careers, from start to finish, ensure the normal and orderly develop.

For in-depth study and implement the party"s eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, the spirit of the fifth plenary session, the implementation of comprehensive strictly required, a solid grasp of the construction of Party member team, in accordance with the requirements of the county Party Committee Organization Department No. 3 (2016) Luo Zufa. According to the requirements of the < Chinese Communist Party Constitution > and the central work of education for the party members, combined with actual town, 2016 Party member education and training scheme is formulated. The guiding ideology adhere to a comprehensive study of implementing the scientific development view as guidance, in-depth study and implement the party"s eighteen, the eighth session of the fourth, fifth plenary session and the General Secretary Xi Jinping series important Speech adhere to the application for promoting learning, and strive to improve our ideological and political quality of Party members; firmly establish catch a party to build pipe must be members, tube members first catch education of ideological understanding, close to the Party member"s ideological and practical work, strive to build a party regular education work mechanism, promote the party members play a vanguard and exemplary role; firmly grasp the construction of ability of administration of strengthening the party, advanced nature and purity of construction of the main line, adhere to to enhanced grasp the party building work consciousness, strengthen the self construction of the party organizations as the fundamental starting point, for the town"s economic and social development provided for ideological and political guarantee of the strong and powerful organization guarantee. Second, target 201 The main task of 6 years of education and training of Party members is earnestly implement the (Luo Wei do [2015] 121) to further strengthen the work of the education and training of Party members request, to training the town, the grassroots party members and common. From 5 January 2016, through a variety of channels in a variety of forms in a planned, step by step, to focus on the organization to carry out the education and training of Party members. A party spirit idea generally enhanced. Through education and training, prompting the majority of Party members to further strengthen the ideal and faith, enhance the party concept, consciously practice the agency will socialist core value system. To further enhance the confidence of the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, theoretical system of self-confidence and confidence. (II) Party members working ability greatly improved. Through the development of education and training, to boost the knowledge structure of Party members transformation and upgrading, improve the party to use the Marxist stand, viewpoints and methods of analysis and problem solving ability, adapt to the new situation and new tasks. (3) play an effective role of Party member model. Through the development of training and education, promote the party members in theProduction, work, learning and service to the community in give full play to the exemplary vanguard role, and actively striving to take the lead in learning to improve and take the lead in striving for success, serving the masses to take the lead and lead law-abiding, take the lead in promoting the healthy atmosphere model. (4) the building of grassroots organizations strong impetus. Through the development of education and training, the Party member troop overall quality and ability to serve the people increased, grass-roots party organization"s creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the improved. Contents and measures according to different type of the town, at different levels, the actual needs of the different positions of Party members, hierarchical class to carry out the education and training of Party members. Adhere to the town overall and please tutoring, please Come in and sent down the combination, to the party spirit education and ability cultivation as the center, overall constitution and discipline, the core value system, political theory, domestic and international situation in town situation, party organization construction, legal education, culture, science and technology, industrial development, management, resource management and protection, social management innovation in the aspects, to village (unit) as a unit, to all members of the organization a above rotation activities. Focus on Township and village committee cadres straight unit leading Party group secretary, activist of join or be admitted to the party, the education and training of village class mothball cadre training, efforts to strengthen the parties organization Secretary of party spirit accomplishment, do a good job of the consciousness of the party building work, enhanced the Party activist , people in rural areas to promote rural economic development of practical abilities. At the same time, through the development of the theme of practical training, autonomous learning training, make full use of the party members and cadres of modern distance education network etc., for the party members in various fields to carry out the classification of rotation, party spirit training, tobe grind quality, improve quality. Organizational Leadership (a) strengthen leadership, implement the responsibility. Town Party committee to the work of the education and training of Party members into the party building work important content, the overall responsibility of the Secretary of the Party committee, vice secretary of the lead and the implementation of specific members of the organization, the organizational Secretary of the parties to personally plan, personally deploy, supervise the implementation; the education and training of Party members to carry out into the grass-roots party Construction work responsibility system and the building of grassroots organizations special assessment, directly with the grass-roots party organizations Pingxianpingyou link, to strengthen the organization and leadership to do a good job of work to implement. (II) the overall progress, implement the plan. Ensure that the deployment, according to the arrangement of the 2016 Party member education and training plans, based on the actual needs of the party, on-demand rationing; do supervision and guidance, strengthen the supervision of the work of the education and training of Party members, guidance and services to help solve the difficulties and problems in the training; assessment, by listening to the report, information search, evaluation, etc., with emphasis on the assessment of the implementation of the plan, Party members to participate in training proportion and effect, indeed Protect task implementation. (3) the typical guide, step up publicity. Pay attention to cultivate advanced and typical, timely promotion and the typical experience of the characteristics of the practice. The work of the education and training of Party members as the focus of the grass-roots party building and the sector skills training for communication and advocacy, by setting the column, offering special journals and other forms of propaganda, to create a strong atmosphere of public opinion, promote the orderly conduct of the work and achieved certain results.

In order to further implement the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of major speeches about the party"s work style and clean government and anti-corruption struggle spirit and the central, province, city, County Commission for Discipline Inspection and the spirit of the plenary session, to further strengthen the awareness of the loyal party members and cadres, sense of purpose, sense of responsibility and a sense of discipline, boost the county"s economic and social development. In accordance with the ensemble [of Ji Qing 2016) spirit of the document No. 3, combined with my bureau actual, make this program of activities, and a theme of learning party discipline, strict discipline, boosting Qingshen development.

Second, activity time April 2016 1 - April 30, three, activity content (a) carry out party discipline learning activities. Global organization of cadres and workers to focus on learning, network learning, self-study and other forms of strengthen constitution < < the probity of the Communist Party of China self-discipline criterion "" Chinese Communist Party disciplinary Regulations >, < Xi Jinping on clean government and anti-corruption fight discusses excerpts > and other relevant information learning. Education for Party members and cadres to < code > < Regulations > as the ruler, combined with its work, measure, control and their own ideas and practical test, take the initiative to conduct Lianzheng is affirmatory consciously practice commitment, achieve the hearts of the party, Zun Jishou Confessions of readings of the Si > < confessions to carry out the hearts of the people, in the heart has the responsibility, in the heart has quit, maintain the party"s advanced nature and purity. (2) to carry out special warning education activities. In the global "read < > writing experience, the concept of warning education independent micro film > reflections, prisons and courtroom free" as the main content of the special warning education activities. Use of the weekly worker will focus to watch a warning education. The < >, cadres and workers to write their feelings, reflections, and the clean publicity column posted; 4 month global organization of Party members and cadres to the eyebrow delta prison visits to detainees xianshenshuifa education of cadres and workers With low-cost combined with special method. (3) to teach a class of anti-corruption initiate cheap course. By the leaders of anti corruption and financial supervision and administration of state-owned assets of explain the profound things in a simple way to explain, so that all staff of honest business, according to the law to act in a more profound understanding, so as to enhance staff"s sense of responsibility and sense of mission. (4) to promote innovation to help the family activities. To carry out the party members and cadres "motto, bright family traditions" activities for family education into harmony, filial piety, encouraging learning, goodness, thrifty, inspirational, cultivation of excellent genes to guide Party members and cadres to good tradition folk, with a good tradition being honest, with good tradition promote political winds, creating a delicate gas is the general atmosphere. Four activities (a) to strengthen leadership, careful organization. One is the establishment of the "independent warning education month" activities leading group of the state owned Financial Bureau, bureau leading Party group secretary of the leader, board members of the team to serve as deputy head. The second is making < County State Owned Financial Bureau independent warning education activities month scheme > determine promotional content, clear steps, truly understanding, measures, and put in place, ensure the effectiveness of the activities. (II) take all factors into consideration, pay attention to actual effect. According to "strict three real special education and" two studies do "activities, in based on the provisions of the action without aliasing, and creativity to carry out various forms, rich and colorful activities, and strive to Pay attention to actual effect, and resolutely prevent, going through the motions, really promote the party members and cadres from the depths of the ideological solidating abide by discipline regulations of the defence. (3) strengthening propaganda, to create atmosphere. To make full use of the column publicity, propaganda position of network, increase publicity efforts, expand warning education activities of the coverage and influence.

Today, we hold the city"s precise technology to poverty alleviation and project work to promote the meeting, the main purpose is to further promote the task of aiding the poor with technology roots and accelerate all kinds of scientific and technological projects. Last year, this year, the city"s scientific and technological work has made remarkable achievements, such as the convening of national poverty alleviation of science and technology on the spot will, cultivate high-tech enterprises, Bashan scholar training and the introduction of scientific and technical personnel incentives, listing national agricultural science and Technology Park, science and technology incubator building. Just now, Huangli In recent years city science and technology to help the poor and science and technology project effectiveness, the main problems were analyzed, and in a period of time in the future, the city"s precise technology to poverty alleviation and science and technology project work arrangements, I agree, I hope everyone to earnestly implement. Here, I stressed the three points.

Learning "learning", to carry out the "learning and doing" education as the city"s innovation and development of an important driving force. The Party Central Committee decided to 2016 years in all Party members to carry out learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education (referred to as "learning to do"). Some time ago, I called the "learning the party constitution, party rules, a series of speech, do a qualified party member education and mobilization, the province carried out within the" two a "learning education mobilization. Municipal Party committee will soon be held a mobilization will make arrangements for the deployment. To carry out the" two a "study and education, based on" learning ", key in" do ". As the science and Technology Department of cadres and workers, to (benchmark for two pilot demonstration study through studying the party constitution of party compasses, a series of speech, not only to do a qualified party members, to do a good job of science and technology innovation. Next week, I as the city"s county-level leading cadres reading class open cooperation and innovation driven study group members went to Mianyang, Meishan national innovation driven development characteristics and the province"s Innovation Driven Development Zone work experience, a great harvest, feeling very deep. Mianyang, Meishan city innovation driven strength is very great, especially is Mianyang has become civil military integration, a comprehensive reform and innovation, our benchmarking in Mianyang, the gap is very large. Mianyang Science and technology city construction as the basis, built around the "Five" goal of building Hotbed of innovation of construction science and technology, military and civilian fusion demonstration, collecting and distributing center of scientific and technological achievements, innovative talents convergence and high technology industry concentration), vigorously promote to military and civilian fusion for the characteristics of comprehensive reform pilot innovation, and achieved remarkable results, is toward the national civil military integration innovation demonstration area, the national innovation driven development characteristics demonstration area and western economic development growth emerging great step forward. The expanding Park, stronger innovation platform; incubated enterprises, cultivate innovation; poly talent, to improve the ability of innovation; promoting fusion, highlighting the characteristics of the innovation; catch open, form innovation efforts of the experience is worth learning from. Benchmarking advanced, we have to struggling to The amount of weight is to grasp to catch the strategic innovation. To improve the target oriented system. The innovation actually placed in the core position, firmly establish the "grasping innovation development, seek innovation is to seek the future, innovation is not backward, slow innovation also will lag behind" concept, accelerate factor driven to innovation driven change. City Branch Bureau to actively seek the city management system emphasizing the innovation driven development, focus on strengthening the scientific and technological enterprise incubator construction, scientific and technological innovation platform, technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate, high and new technology industry output value and product evaluation. Second, we must built innovation and Entrepreneurship platform. The city will be in Pakistan and the open area to build the whole To confidence, "double center", the new industrial park for a period, the city public entrepreneurship Park Phase II, Qin Ba electricity supplier industry park for three period, incubation area of more than 50 million square meters. The county (District) to take advantage of idle assets of construction science and technology enterprise incubator, a passenger space and other new public record space, the formation of a, a, a, to create vivid situation. Third, we must foster technological innovation subject. To vigorously implement the "high and new technology enterprise doubling plan" and "science and technology oriented small and medium-sized enterprises to cultivate plan", to honor the implementation of tax incentives, financial subsidies, such as a package of policies to support, so that high technology enterprise "indomitable spirit", let the small and medium-sized enterprise "overwhelming". To increase investment in science and technology innovation. To actively seek special funds for the development of Municipal Science and technology part for cashing innovation drive the development of financial subsidy policy, transfer a portion of funds for science and technology enterprises of loan guarantees and interest subsidies. Encourage banking institutions set up science and technology branch of the franchise, push the patent pledge loan, for the small and medium sized enterprises of science and technology provide financing services tailored. Fifth, we must strengthen science and technology personnel. To attract more technology military personnel and high-end talent with technology, project, with funds to Bazhong Lingban or joint science and technology enterprises, encourage and support both inside and outside the citycomrades and the5 years of college graduates and college students to a new public space, science and technology business incubator innovation and entrepreneurship.

Second, it is necessary to promote the precision technology poverty alleviation as the important content of the scientific and technological work. To build a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020 is the party"s eighteen to the whole Party and the people throughout the country to make a solemn commitment. Lead the city people out of poverty to become rich go straight towards well-off, Party committees at all levels, political responsibility and mission of the times of the government"s major political, technology sector is also the bounden responsibility. Municipal three tenth plenary session made < on the go all out win battle poverty alleviation and development to ensure synchronous completion of a comprehensive well-off society decided >, proposed to further promote the "five a group of" precise action to help the poor, "six precision" and "1 + 6" poverty alleviation projects, clear the "add Great science and technology achievement transformation efforts, accelerate the construction science and technology poverty demonstration village and demonstration households, give full play to the role of modern information network, for the impoverished village poor households to provide production technology, market information, policy advice, encourage scientific and technical personnel to the poor village launched a to one helping and guiding the development of income industrial projects, strengthen technical training and propaganda of popular science, highlighting grasp large breeding, family farmers, agricultural co-operatives are the backbone of the training "technical poverty alleviation mission. The city"s science and technology sector must be from the political height, the assault fortified positions that help deficient up as the most important task, the most urgent work. The most arduous mission, to science and technology for precise poverty alleviation promote to speed up a well-off society in an all-round way Decision to deploy, boost the process to precise technology to poverty alleviation and the effectiveness of a well off society in an all round way. One should obey the overall situation. The city"s scientific and technological system of cadres and workers, especially leading cadres, should have the political consciousness, ideological conscious action conscious, in accordance with the central, provincial and municipal deployment requirements, to strengthen the organization and leadership, reasonable arrangement of time, carefully study the deployment, to ensure poverty. There must be resolutely implement the political position and character, poverty alleviation and the attitude to be distinctive, poverty alleviation action should be strong, to politics, to understand the overall situation, re implementation, see results. To lock the target. In accordance with the provincial Party committee and the municipal Party committee, municipal government, lock 2 provincial-level General requirements for the completion of the goal of poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation poverty alleviation and Technology Demonstration County, four provincial science and technology demonstration towns, 10 provincial science and technology demonstration village and a municipal science and technology demonstration area, 2 Municipal Science and technology demonstration towns, five municipal science and technology demonstration village and the "five one" precise technology to poverty alleviation and special operations tasks, inverted duration, wall chart battle, set the time, tasks, measures, staff, given the responsibility to ensure high quality precision technology poverty alleviation task. To focus on the key. To focus on precise poverty and accurate out of poverty, detailed measures, clear job responsibilities, to develop targeted and operable precise technology to implement poverty alleviation program. Prominent precise poverty technical training, poor village informatization construction, technology oriented poverty reduction model village and demonstration households construction precision technology poverty alleviation focus, in a precise sense, precise attitude, precise style, go all out to fight the precise technology of poverty alleviation and battle.

Three, it is necessary to strengthen science and technology funds supervision as an important means to enhance the quality of the project. Science and technology project fund supervision is the key to the implementation of the project of science and technology. In recent years, especially during the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, the system of science and technology management in the city vigorously to declare the implementation of the country and province science and technology projects, science and technology demonstration lead brought obvious effect and improve the scientific and technological innovation capability of enterprises, boosting the characteristics and advantages of industrial development, science and technology support to the economic and social leading role improved significantly. In the project management of science and technology, in addition to seriously implement the state, provincial science and technology project management rules and regulations, and the actual Bazhong, established the access system of science and technology projects, the project of science and technology commissioner system, science and technology Project credit system and scientific and technological projects honest commitment system, and the Municipal Finance Bureau jointly issued the > < Bazhong City Science and technology development funds management approach, formulated the "trilogy of seven" science and technology project implementation specification, these are worth fully affirmed. However, we should also see clearly, we in the science and technology project management still exist "account of the special accounts, earmarking system is no effective implementation and other issues. In particular, this year the Audit Commission Chengdu Tepai ban on Bazhong confidence found in the audit of science and technology business incubatorProblem has certain representativeness. The audit to us sounded the alarm, should cause everyone vigilance. Here, I will strengthen science and technology project budget supervision put forward four requirements: a strict project reporting, prevent fraud. Implementation of the project to declare the competition mechanism, the annual financial support to science and technology projects oriented society Bulletin, conditions open content, open competition to declare, open field investigation, public presentations, the public assessment of the decision, do full open and transparent, fair, accept social supervision. To those who resort to deceit or something real is not clear, suspected of defrauding, impersonator national subsidy funds, once found immediately cancel Declaration of qualification, recovery of funds subsidy and discipline in accordance with the law strictly held responsible. Second, we must innovation funds supervision. In county finance to establish science and technology project "account", the project undertaking entity in accordance with the key nodes task completion by formal invoice to apply for funding and audited by the Department of science and technology, the Ministry of finance funds, and resolutely put an end to project funds are retained, misuse and misappropriation. Third, we need to strengthen scientific and technological project supervision. Department in charge of science and technology to strengthen project inspections to check or checks, of ineffective implementation to strengthen the supervision and the existence of violations of responsibility into the project undertaker rectification. To establish a scientific and technological project, "black list" system, the Project implementation quality particularly poor recorded in the "black list", stage or permanent abolition of the applicant country, province, city science and technology project qualification. Fourth, it is necessary to carry out training funds management. Science City Bureau to the initiative to meet with the finance department, organize project unit commitment held science and technology project funds management training, of country, provincial and municipal science and technology project funds management of the relevant policies, financial acceptance specification, mid supervision points, budget review points and key contents were training system, to ensure the use of project funds safe and reasonable.

Thank you all!

To implement the central, provincial, city and county to make important decision about the grass-roots party construction work in the deployment, push forward the county public security organs in the work of Party building, further strengthen the party secretary of the governing party and party liability, according to < of the Organization Department of CPC Committee of Xuchang County on the issuance of the "counties as well as the authority of Party building debriefing appraisal implementation solutions" notice > requirements, according to the arrangement of the Bureau of the party work. Today, the organization held the county public security organs party secretary grasping grass-roots party construction work in the debriefing will. The implementation of this is a powerful measure to the Secretary of the party organization construction of the party,, and is learning to carry out the party"s spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the, grasp the new situation of Party building work under the rules, pushing Public security party building services in the public security center of the inevitable requirement.

Just now, the 3 Juzhu unit Party branch secretary of debriefing, below I on the 3 party organization work one by one review.

Party branch of the Political Department

Good: first, strengthen ideological and political work, pay close attention to the work of the implementation. The Political Department of the Party branch strictly in accordance with the requirements of bureau Party committee, to "strict three real special education as the main line, take effective measures, pay close attention to the ideological and political work of the implementation, strengthen the education of Party members and the police thought, improve the Police Ideological and political consciousness, make a solid foundation for public security work smooth development of health. Second, strict management team, boost the morale of the team. Strict implementation of Police Ideological Trend of periodic analysis, timely grasp the ideological situation of the personnel; strictly implement the system of check on work attendance, strengthen the daily management; cash rewards and punishments, continue to boost the morale of the team. The third is The intensification of police training, improve the police actual combat skill. Seriously and actively carry out a series of training activities and < Henan public security network, > learning activities, the majority of police in the political quality, physical quality, professional quality, policing skills improved. The fourth is to adhere to the preferential treatment from the police, the warm pool police. According to thRequirements, and actively do a good job of personnel management work, to run within the scope of the policy, help the police solve the practical difficulties, the police systemic heart into work. The fifth is strengthening propaganda, promote righteousness. Around the center of the public security work, actively do a good job in the publicity, fully display the spirit of good public security team. Six is to fulfill the responsibility of Party building, do a good job of education and management of Party member team. Sound and perfect "three class", Party of democratic appraisal, commendation and reward system, effectively enhance the branch of the creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity.

Shortcomings: is ideological and political work still can not adapt to the new situation, new task, in the form of a single, innovation is not enough, lack of learning education of the appeal and study the effect of education needs to be improved, the political department to strengthen the guidance to the grass-roots units. The second is the branch of organizational life will implement the is not good enough to play an exemplary role.

Traffic Police Brigade Party branch

System of good practice: one is grasping the implementation of the work of Party building system, enhanced branch team cohesion, combat force. The brigade Party branch always pay close attention to the work of Party building and would not let go, conscientiously perform their duties, strict implementation of democratic life etc., to develop the branch of learning plan, all equipped with learning record the experience and experience the and organize regular inspection learning, ensures that the learning plan, implement, effect. Second is to carry out the "strict three real special education. The development of special education learning scheme, held a party branch focus on learning and the level of consultation forum, deputy director in charge of, brigade leader for the party members and the police on the lectures, deployed to carry out Ban Zicheng throughout the Yan Zhenchang Yang Shuicai to relive the oath to join the party, visit the memorial hall, learning advanced characters, micro lectures attention and learning characteristics of the activities, and to develop measures for rectification. Three is to pay attention to the party building work into the public security work. The brigade Party branch and always will be the work of Party building in 9.3 security, national civilized city re examination, the SCO security meeting, the focus of illegal investigation, "sword", "anti terrorist violence, to ensure safety", "five wave", "camp turn non bus", "detoxification", the focus of the work, in a timely manner to carry out the pre war mobilization, wartime dynamically judged, the post-war award in recognition of a series of measures Members always fighting in the first line of traffic management, all traffic police has always maintained a high state of mind, a strong impetus to the work carried out.

Shortcomings: first, there is a "hand hard and soft" phenomenon. Of work of Party building under the new situation is not enough emphasis, focus on light business building, re form light effects. The second is measures are not enough effective. In particular, catch a party to build working innovation consciousness is not strong, measures and methods used in the experience of the old, old practices and effectiveness needs to be further strengthened. The third is three lesson "not very good insist, life of the party organization to carry out less often.

Zhao police station Party branch

Good practice: one is to strengthen the study and education. To "strict three real special education as an opportunity to take leadership lectures, seminars, individual learning, exchange of experience in various forms, the police organization learning leaders at all levels of the spirit of the important speech, < > in the constitution as well as the side of corruption cases and asked party members and the police carefully recorded study notes, writing experiences, join and pay attention to the micro lectures, according to the control requirements of inspection, enhance their own, to ensure that the learning effect. The second is to strengthen the leadership responsibility. Party branch secretary as the first responsibility of honest government, earnestly implement the" four person ", and insisted on the" important work personally Department Department, major issues personally intervene, personally key aspects of coordination, supervision of important cases personally ", Party branch members always strict demands on themselves, play an exemplary role model. Third, strengthen the service for the people. Every act of the masses for the warm reception, carefully recorded masses anti reflect each a problem, and make the resistancee bureau Party committeeHeart to answer, and constantly improve the quality of service. Combined with the "one village, one police work, police organization carefully touch row all may affect the stability of the unstable factors, resolve conflicts and disputes, and arrange for the police with daily visits, issued security leaflets, collecting sites, personnel information, promote the harmony police.

Existing problems: a party branch team party affairs knowledge is not rich enough, on some of the procedural provisions are not familiar with, in a certain extent restricted the work carried out. The second is regular ideological education is not deep enough, the ideological trends of the police command is not timely and accurate. Third, there is a need to improve the management level of refinement, police standardization awareness is not strong enough, daily habit is not quite self-conscious.

Since this year, bureau unit Party branch to "strict three real special education as the main line, to the service center, troop construction as the focus, adhere to the combination of ideological building of the party and the system of the party, solid to carry out the comprehensive strictly required, to further standardize the construction of the party organization, continuously improving the quality of Party members and police, continue to strengthen the party building innovation, service building execution significantly improved, has made remarkable achievements.

Meeting debriefing of 3 units in the work of Party building problems in other units are also different degrees of existence to other units by the party building debriefing, draw on the experience of face the problem, replicability, careful analysis of rectification, promote the sustained and healthy development of the work of Party building units.

Below, to further strengthen the county public security organs party building work stressed the views of five points.

One, improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of political responsibility and historical mission

Follow the basic construction of the party"s eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary: the series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new judgment, the new requirements is to promote grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the party"s mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions, namely:" is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the Department of the party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of the party Forced the construction of Party committees (party) members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think about the conscious of it, is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether in to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party"s mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality Are accounted for in the police forces of discipline, do not do, is to stop the event tells us, not a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", a clear responsibility to implement the responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The county public security organs is a team of the Communist Party as the main body, Party members and the vast majority of bureau of belonging to different units of the leadership cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party"s construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch a party to build is an empty word. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. The total learning book Remember that catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must grab the responsibility person, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let the Bureau unit Party branch secretary of the debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization"s primary responsibility, seize the key issue.

Two, the full implementation of the task of ideological construction, the theory of armed tasks implementedGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping in the mass line of educational practice summary congress put forward in the new period party building thought of tasks and requirements, to strengthen the construction of the Party pointed out the direction and path. One is to strengthen theoretical study. The urgent task is to fully understand the study and implement the spirit of the fifth plenary session of the eighth session of the significance of, the organization of Party members and the police through the focus on learning, self-study and special counseling and other forms of serious in-depth learning, adhere to the first step in learning, deep layer, accurately grasp the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and do the thinking and learning gains, use it. The second is to strengthen the party spirit temperance. Adhere to the school party constitution. Through the center of the group learning. Secretary of the party organization about lectures and other forms of learning the party constitution, enlightenment spirit, guide Bureau unit Party branch and all members of the police to firmly establish the consciousness of the party. Persist in learning advanced. Vigorously carry forward the spirit of Jiao Yulu, Yang Shuicai spirit, seriously study the advanced deeds of Comrade Yan Zhenchang, deep fine shine Dusing the police party guided, to strengthen public opinion and public servant consciousness, consciously practice the "strict three real. The third is to strengthen the party and Party discipline education. For the ideological construction of the party faces new tasks, new requirements, the emergence of many new problems, new situations, and actively take the initiative to adapt to the constantly emancipate the mind, innovative ways, making use of the Internet, micro channel, micro Bo new platform for new, enrich the content of education, improve education forms, the constant reminder education, enhance the police Party discipline in awe, guide Party members and the police do political understanding discipline about the rules of the leaders. The fourth is to strengthen the ideological and moral education. Guide the party police exemplary practice the socialist core values, cultivate good political and moral character, professional ethics, family virtue and morality, forming a strong atmosphere of moral construction. Pay attention to strengthen the positive guidance to the police party ideology, adhere to the diversification of the social ideology guided by the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improving and perfecting the Party members and the police thought The dynamic analysis of mechanism, providing an ideological guarantee for the purity and firmness of team members.

Three, fully implement the strict requirements, the management and administration of the party"s responsibility to implement

General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that to implement strictly the responsibility, do a good job of Party building as the biggest achievement. Therefore, in my bureau implement comprehensive strictly required must be the party tube responsible party implemented. First, to further implement the responsibility system in Party building. To establish and improve the party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the agenda, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, in charge of the leadership Specific catch, catch a, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. Is to improve the reporting and appraising system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, use of cadres at request of the party", CF county Party debriefing practice, and constantly improve the annual party built debriefing appraisal system, in particular, to the year debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and directive The new integration business. Three is to improve the "three class" system. "Three class" system is to improve the party"s organizational life, strict party member education management system, we must do a good job in the implementation and long-term persistence. According to "the party secretary of the organization lectures", "party members and cadres micro lectures and Thematic Party Day activities, innovation" three class "form, rich" three class "content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of" the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion "party organization life situation. At the same time, the" three class "system implementation of join or be admitted to the party organization committee debriefing appraisal of important content, strict grasp the" three class "system Real.

Four, strict political discipline and political rules.

Guide all Party members and the police in ideological political action always as the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping highly consistent, involved in major political principle, political stand, political views and other issues, we must be sober, stand firm. Guide the members of the civilian police to strengthen the sense of organization, determined to do the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, and the whole party to the Central Committee. Some time ago, I held a party enlarged meeting, focus on adherence to the party"s political discipline and political rules of thematic theory study, I at the meeting for the feelings to speak. I understand, party a concept of organization, can not see Party, touch not. According to the materialistic point of view, the material determines consciousness, existence determines consciousness, consciousness is the objective things in the brain to reflect, then, how to prove that the party"s existence? Like the current, can not, can not be touched, but through the wire carrier, connect power supply, the electric light, the motor is running, it is proved that the current existence. Similarly, the party is by living every Party member, every Party member, speech and action of the carrier, reflecting party. Party is a whole, in order to normal operation, each party members according to their personality characteristics. Academic knowledge, professional knowledge, hobbies, physical condition, age, work experience, work experience and other comprehensive evaluation, main task of the division of labor and in jointly do a good job in party work, is mainly responsible for the Division I business, then in my division of work, in the Party committee collective discussion by, decision, foreign, on every level of members can to bureau of the party in the name and identity delivered a speech, the organization of work. In specific work, in the higher Party committees have clear provisions of the spirit, in accordance with the spirit of the documents of ranking Party committee, combined with my work of the division of labor, on behalf of the bureau Party committee put forward their views and suggestions. Since Party members according to the higher Party committees to the spirit of the document can be Bureau on behalf of the party organization of work, then the behavior has party authority and seriousness, we should respect them and be with, give support, cannot according to personal preferences, personal understanding and awareness, regardless of the occasion, in broad daylight, in meetings, especially in the lower front of, guilty of liberalism, published the higher Party committees have been expressly prohibited speech, also cannot euphemistically called the personal point of view; regardless of party image and personal image, irresponsible, gossip, just open the river, grumble, grumble about; even, sarcastic ridicule, sarcasm, oblique accusations, make people Hold the most stringent start speech, personal attacks, vent personal grudge; more even, with ulterior motives, ulterior motives; fan Yin breeze, will-o "- the wisp, deliberately and party dissension and discord, rumors spread, the spread of division, and the party and the people, the hearts of the people, the decline of morale. This kind of behavior is the party"s discipline are not allowed, from my start, from the members of the Party committee member, once, who despite the party discipline, drunk, behind, the key moment, in violation of the party"s political discipline, political rules and wait for the party discipline. We must strictly comply with the implementation of the central and superior party committee has clearly defined, does not allow bargaining, unconditional obedience, unconditional , does not allow a discount, or disguised discount. In addition. We want to strictly enforce the system of democratic life of the party, Party of democratic life, it is necessary to carry out criticism and self-criticism, is between the members of the Party committee of the mutual criticism, remind each other, will not do not speak, gossiping afterwards. Guide Party members and the police strictly request reporting system, regularly party members to execute the political discipline of political rules situation analysis judged and thematic summary, constantly enhance political of the political life of the party, the principle and militancy.

Five, comprehensively improve the scientific level of Party building, the task of the party building

To enhance the scientific level of the construction of the party is our party according to the worldly affairs, national and the new changes and new challenges of the party put forward the major issue is effective to deal with the four test ", resolve the pressing requirement of" four big risk "is the only way to maintain and develop the party"s advanced natuStep is to strengthen the party"s cohesion, attraction and the fighting power of the inevitable choice. Under the new situation, it is necessary to apply the law of the ruling party construction of Marxism, according to the basic requirements of maintaining the party"s advanced nature, continue to study new situations, solve new problems, sum up new experience, make the party building in scientific orbit continues to advance. One to focus, efforts to lay a solid foundation. Continue to carry out the "two hit" activities, accurately grasp strictly required new rules and characteristics of the work of Party building under, deepening grass-roots increase of basic party organization and Party member quality upgrade plan. Continue to carry out the window units vanguard party post, window model building activities, and continuously Enhance the party members and the police involved in activities to create enthusiasm. Increase of Party organizations and Party members advanced typical advocacy training efforts to become a "sign", "evergreen tree". To broaden the party serving the masses channels, construction of Party members contacting and serving the masses work system, make the Party member to become truly keep in mind the purpose, advanced elements of the heart of the masses. Establish and improve incentives within the party, care, helping mechanism, we do care and love grassroots cadres, old party members, difficult life member. In order to promote the party construction services, continue to carry out "party members and counterpart assistance" live and on-the-job Party member volunteer service activities. Second, we must strengthen management, efforts to enhance the party members Quality, and conscientiously implement < the Communist Party of China the development of Party Work Rules >, adhere to strict standards, rigorous training, strict procedures, strict regulation and control, and continuously improve the quality of Party members, optimize the structure of Party member team. Strengthening of different kinds of police, the classified management of Party members in different positions, through the implementation of target management of Party members, record management, star rating etc. ways to strengthen the education of Party members, management and service work. Adhere to the mass appraisal, solid and effective to carry out members of the public commitment, no post party post duty activities, give full play to the role of Party members. Actively introduce the Internet +, by means of information to strengthen the education and management of the party members and make full use of "Xuchang male Ann party building network "," peace of Xuchang, Communist Party members, Liancheng micro lectures and other network platform to strengthen the education and training of Party members. Three to strict requirements, efforts to improve the party"s style of work. To build a first-class units, to create a first-class team, cultivate first-class style, create first-class performance as the goal, combined with learning from the advanced models, and effectively solve the police party in the party spirit, moral character, style and ability existing prominent problems; adhere to the lead austerity, oppose extravagance and waste, and oppose formalism, bureaucratism and seriously practice the "strict three real, establish a good style of work; earnestly implement the" eight insist, eight against ", advocate diligence Excited to learn and apply what they have learned, the heart of the masses, serve the people, grab get right on the job really, and to ensure the effectiveness of, hard work, thrift, the overall situation, curried, develop democracy, solidarity work, impartially and with the right of honesty in politics, life is decent, healthy interest in eight aspects of good atmosphere, promote the county public security organs party political construction has made new achievements. Fourth, it is necessary to produce battle fort effect. Party organizations at all levels to grasp the practical to the center of the public security work service key links, adhere to the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building, the more encountered serious incidents, major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the party organization The role of core, and earnestly do a good job before the war mobilization, wartime motivation, war veteran and so, truly party members and cadres to fight to where, the life of the party organization will extend to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power.

Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, the Party Central Committee and the Party committee of a higher level of the construction of the party proposed the new, higher requirements, the work of Party building task is arduous, the glorious mission, rare opportunity. Let us to the debriefing meeting as a starting point, in the Bureau of the party"s correct leadership, conscientiously study and implement the series of important speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping, spirit and the party"s spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth, thoroughly implement the comprehensive strictly required, continue to carry forward the party"s fine tradition, hearten spirit, do solid work, the enterprising spirit, selfless dedication, to continue to create the county public security organs of Party building work in the new situation, to maintain social stability to ensure Successful completion of the task,re, also is aPromote public security undertakings flourish, for the construction of a beautiful and happy Xuchang county to make new and greater contributions!

Carry out the party building debriefing appraisal work, implement the central and provincial Party committee, the municipal Party committee and comprehensively promote the strictly deployment requirements, implement strictly the responsibility, tamp the foundation of Party Construction of major initiatives. Public security organs as the party"s absolute under the leadership of the democratic dictatorship force, as the party and the people in the hands of the "hilt" must to strengthen the work of Party building and walk in the forefront, and make an example. From just four of the Secretary of the party organization debriefing situation, the party organization of debriefing of Party building and ideological work attaches great importance to prepare more fully, in the debriefing process, say achievements do not exaggerate, speak the problem does not cover, emphasize not vanity about rectification, truly realistic. Offer as Political Bureau Director comments, targeted strong, closely with the practical assessment highlights outstanding characteristics, ask clear, point out of the results, points out the problems and points out the pressure. This is not only a debriefing meeting and Party building the responsibility to implement, today the debriefing, to do a good job of new period party building work will play a very good role in promoting. Next, according to the city bureau Party Committee on Party building work on the arrangements, Bai chief commissioned by combining city Bureau of Party building work of new requirements, borrow this opportunity to revisit four points. To improve the ideological understanding, enhance the sense of responsibility and historic mission, the party"s eighteen years, Xi Jinping, general secretary Follow the construction of a series of important speech to the party put forward many new ideas, new conclusions and new requirements, the grass-roots party building work. We should thoroughly study and understand, and consciously assume responsibility. One is to grasp the party building "three questions" of the new requirements. Xi, general secretary of the last 10 August, the party"s mass line education practice summary of the General Assembly on the proposed the construction of "three questions". That is: "is not the party committees at all levels and the departments of Party committees (party) to achieve the sedulous catch a party to build is not at all levels of Party committee secretary, the departments of Party committees (party) secretary become strictly administering the party secretary? Is not at all levels and all departments of Party committees (party) Forced members to fulfill the responsibilities strictly responsibility? "General Secretary of the party building" three questions ", directed at the crucial point, enlightening, three mirror placed in front of everyone, let you according to a photo, see a look, want to think the self-knowledge; is the three pieces of papers placed in front of us, it is clear to judge ourselves whether the party"s construction to do their duty. Building" three questions ", urge people to watch, thought-provoking, and convey a strong responsibility to ask signal. The second is to understand the building" three no "new judgment. Xi, general secretary of the party"s mass line education practice summary congress pointed out that" history and reality, especially the Are substantially more than 80% of the discipline to move tells us, clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and strictly administering the party is not to ". General Secretary of the" three no ", clear responsibility, fulfil responsibility, accountability, and point out the key. The city public security organs is a member of Communist Party as the main body of troops and members accounted for total number of civilian police, the Bureau of belonging to various departments of leading cadres and backbone of the party members, the power and responsibility are relatively concentrated in the party"s construction, must be clear responsibilities, the implementation of responsibility, accountability, or catch of Party construction is empty. Three is to clear the" three grasping "new initiatives. Xi, general secretary of the strong , catch a party to build must grasp the responsibility system, grasping accountability must catch responsibility, grasping the responsibility must catch the first responsible person. Why should we let Jushu unit party secretary to the party organization at the next higher level debriefing is to implement general secretary put forward "3 catch". To seize the party organization is mainly responsible person, seize the key problem. Second, it is necessary to improve the work of Party building system, the system construction is to strengthen the party building work of public security is an important guarantee. To through the scientific development of the system, improve the system, execution system and make the system become a hard bound, continue to promote the public security work of Party building standardization. One is to further implement the responsibility of Party BuilSystem. It is necessary to establish and improve Party building responsibility assessment mechanism, at the beginning of the year to progressively signing party builds working target responsibility book. Party organizations at all levels is mainly responsible for comrades to do a good job of Party building as the greatest achievements, adhere to the development wholeheartedly for, to concentrate its attention on the construction of the party, the party building work is included in the important process, and business to work with the deployment, with checks, with the implementation of, true to form Party grasping, Secretary to take the lead in efforts, leaders in charge of specific grab, grab a level, layers of implementation pattern of Party building work. The second is improve the debriefing appraisal system. In accordance with the "debriefing the party building, the appraisal rating of Party building, Party building assessment test, the use of cadres at request of the party", the Secretary of the party debriefing contrast do Law, and constantly improve the annual party debriefing appraisal system, especially to the annual debriefing appraisal evaluation and annual comprehensive examination closely together, the party builds the job evaluation results into the leading bodies and leading cadres of the annual comprehensive assessment system, strengthen the use of dynamic management and results of debriefing appraisal work, further enhance the debriefing appraisal of scientific, effective and oriented. Third, improve the "three will be a lesson system." three class system is to improve the life of the party organization, strict management of Party member education system must do a good job in the implementation, insist for a long time. According to the "Secretary of the party organization lectures", "Party cadres Implementation of integrating micro lectures and theme day activities, innovation "three class" form, rich "three class" content, pay attention to the work of Party building with the public security work, the formation of "the same resonance frequency, the linkage of communion" party organization life new situation. At the same time, the "three class" of the implementation of join or be admitted to the party secretary of the organization debriefing appraisal of the important content, strict grasp the "three class" system. To strengthen the education of Party members, improve Party member of party spirit idea and political consciousness. Xi General Secretary profoundly pointed out: "firm ideal and faith are the legal team of political soul must be the ideal and belief education in political and legal team construction of the first , constantly playing firmly hold high the banner, command of the party, loyalty to the mission of the ideological foundation. "The city"s public security organs is a with Communist Party members for the disciplined subject, Party members accounted for more than 80% of the total number of civilian police, bureau of belonging to different departments of leading cadres and backbone basically is a party member, do a good job in the construction of Party member team, will seize the fundamental construction of public security team. We must seize the political construction of the police as the core, adhere to the party for public security work absolute leadership this fundamental principle, put the ideal and belief of party spirit education in a more prominent position, to ensure that the Party member troop absolute loyalty, absolutely pure, absolutely reliable. To adhere to the theory of armed, serious organization And adherence to the in-depth study of the majority of Party members and the party"s basic theory, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the series of important speech spirit, education of Party members and the party"s political discipline and political rules, and consciously in accordance with the party constitution and party political life standards to regulate their own words and deeds, so that discipline, rules, listen to say hello, do in the party party, the party worry about the party, the party for the party, the party retaining the party, and always in the ideological and political action and to Xi Jinping as general secretary of the Central Committee of the party remain highly consistent, consciously do the party"s loyal guards of the masses of the people caring people. To build a strong base layer organization, strengthen grass-roots party organization"s cohesive force and fighting force. To strengthen the basic level party organization construction Is the key to the target is doing a good job of Party building work of the important basis and guarantee. To optimize the organizational settings. In accordance with the ease of Party members to participate in activities for Party organizations play a role in principle, reasonable norms of the party organization, Party organizations at the grassroots level full coverage, to ensure that each party members into the party organization in Party activities, organization and management, the organization of care, to accept the supervision of the organization, and actively play a role. Second, we must pay close attention to the team construction. Catch team, with the team party building is an important content and basic level party organization team with members shall complete, clear division of labor, responsibility implementation, implementation of post management. With a good team with a strong Party Secretary , to effectively strengthen the Secretary of the party organization is the Party of person of the first responsibility, sense of responsibility, the responsibility system to prevent "party construction task of Party building, Party building work and business two skins" phenomenon. Third, we need to play good battle fort action. Party organizations at all levels to effectively seize as a key link in the center of the public security work service, adhere to thedingTo the completion of difficult and perilous task as the main battlefield of the work of Party building and the encounter major emergencies and major rescue mission, a major security tasks, the more you want to play the core role of Party organizations, and earnestly do a good job in the pre war mobilization, wartime motivation, postwar entitled work truly where the battle of Party members and cadres, the party"s organizational life extended to where, the role of fighting bastion of the party organizations play where, reflecting the party building work to promote and protect the power. Comrades, in the circumstances to promote comprehensive strictly new situation, do a good job of public security Party Building work as the task is arduous and glorious mission, hope everyone to firmly establish "a game of chess," thought, put down Real strictly required as the new normal organ of the party"s construction, further emancipate the mind, ningxinjuli, do solid work, to maintain social stability, promote social fairness and justice, protect the people live and work, to make new and greater contributions.

The accident scene of the accident treatment of XX XX, April 7 to April 11, according to traffic police detachment and the traffic police brigade of the arrangement, I had the honor to participate in the Ministry of Public Security Research Institute held high-end training class, by 5 days of training and learning, I have a deep feeling, learning a lot of new knowledge and to deal with the accident of skills, to learn and work are of great help, we will experience is summed up as follows: first, study the new knowledge, to expand the field of vision. In the research the teacher to explain, we review the < road traffic accident scene drawing >, and emphatically studied at the scene of the real record drawing standards, the graph can reflect the state and each element Full coverage regardless of size, position, give a person to live a more intuitive understanding of the next step accident treatment has a great help. At the same time, I have seen some new accident investigation equipment, such as a new generation of traffic accident scene drawing system, through training, the police can very fast rendering standard site map, data measurement, and in accordance with the Ministry of public security of the standard, and the UAV, the application of UAV camera or camera, from the fundamental solution overview accident photos. Second, on the scene photography basic requirements and accident photographic difference. The scene photography scene is the most objective real reaction. But photographs of the scene taken to ensure objective, comprehensive, timely and clear requirements, this scene photos to assurance its legal effect; the scene photography has also undergone a change by the original photography of orientation and overview of photography, Photo Center, breakdown of the photo, change for range photography, photographic overview, local camera, film element, photography of minutia, than photography, so to photographic content more refined, more specific, the as evidence of a more targeted, more accurate., on site survey extracted traces and field exploration process traces are extracted by the problems and errors. Trace on the scene of the discovery and extraction as a matter of So the scene investigation is an important part of the process, on the analysis of the cause of the accident and the accident are very important role, through the teacher"s explanation and analysis them as an expert, from the perspective of identification of traces of the scene points extraction and pointed out the direction for under our own exploration site to extract traces, at the same time, through the teacher"s explanation, accidents will produce certain traces, which requires us in the scene of the accident investigation of careful, and not missing any useful to our trace on the scene. On advanced equipment of traffic accident identification, genetic analysis of the role of. I feel the deepest is now home Car safety air bag with something called the airbag module. This is known as "black box" car equipment, has a record of when the speed, whether to take braking, take a few braking and other data, recording, has a very large role for analyzing the cause of the incident, next serious accidents must pay attention to extract such equipment; and escape accidents are common in the general video surveillance on the blurred image, wLicense plate number; shellac, fiber identification, etc. with advanced equipment can make the identification, with the advanced equipment, technical backing, feeling the impartial handling of the each accident and escape detection accident confidence. On the scene of the accident protection. The teacher from three aspects to explain the road traffic accident and law enforcement duty site safety protection: 1, from the level of laws and regulations, Ministry of public security, proceeding from the actual conditions promulgated on the rules and regulations to strictly enforced, which requires each of us a police starting from their own point of view, for their own safety, must not omit any link, don"t be afraid of trouble, this is Lists are not qualified for you alone are responsible for the unit is responsible for the family is responsible for; 2. Strengthen on-site protection facilities of the configuration and use, the first to buy and configuration of safety protection equipment, if equipment, but also about what door? Then is another question, equipment, how to use, the teacher of Tianjin accident lesson, because a lot of equipment, is not put into use, resulting in our police due to the lack of timely reminder of the accident, causing us to a number of police casualties; 3, the device is put into use, but also strengthen individual protection skills and teamwork training. In a word, We want to use qualified equipment and abide by laws and regulations, strengthen training of personal skills and teamwork and ensure its own security in the field staff. Through the study of five days of training, an increase of knowledge, learning the something new, strengthen the unit and brother of business flow, also found their own shortcomings, the next step I want to share of Wuxi advanced concepts and colleagues, common learning and common progress, makes the traffic police brigade accident treatment work more on the floor!

In recent years, XX city always adhere to a hand grasping the building, a hand grasp the management, and actively explore new mode of Biogas Service, strive to innovate new mechanism for ecological compensation, pay attention to enhance the image of the new energy team, cohesion to create a new bright spot of circular agriculture, biogas in scientific management, comprehensive utilization and achieved certain results.

First, the cultivation of new business entities, to explore new mode of follow-up services

XX city has been built biogas 11 million households, biogas digesters is "treasure pool, biogas replaced the coal and firewood, become a clean, economic life energy, biogas pool instead of the old cesspool, become to improve the sanitary conditions of important possessions. With the maintenance quantity is increasing year by year, firedamp follow-up service into the long-standing problem.

To do a good job of Biogas Service, polish up the brand of "XX model and we guide biogas mechanic established biogas cooperation, energy service companies, such as the model of market main body. Through market service, breakthrough in the past by the government construction, maintenance, a pack in the end of the narrow concept, establish the" who benefits, who management "the correct concept. The main body of the new take innovative service mode, expand service content and other measures, developing biogas service, centralized gas supply pipeline construction and gas charging operation and other aspects of comprehensive management. It not only solves the problem of farm household biogas, and change the follow-up services, but also increases the income of service team. The cultivation of new subjects, to consolidate and improve the service system, the effective establishment of a long-term mechanism of biogas services, to achieve the standardization of the follow-up services, intensive and professional.

Two, the introduction of international carbon trading, innovative new mechanism for ecological compensation

XX City Xiang Bai Guo centripetal rich is an ordinary farmers biogas, biogas his home with very good results, he is carbon fund project of farmers, this year, the winner of the Netherlands government to pay him thehich can identifyInspired by the introduction of $23, he used this carbon trading income to buy a new gas stove. This is XX household biogas clean development mechanism project is the United Nations first successfully registered household biogas carbon fund project. The project of 4330 household biogas pool, each year to reduce carbon emissions in 7298 tons, carbon emissions trading income of 10 million US dollars, equivalent to RMB 65 million yuan, carbon trading income subsidies to build pool farmer for biogas digesters follow-up maintenance provides ongoing capital investment in carbon fund project, XX City, the implementation of the "gas rewards" project, "whether the normal ignition, gas pressure size, pig herds head number Indicators will biogas digester using effect is good, medium and poor to refine the management and posting the use of farm household biogas, biogas use good farmers reward. Ecological compensation project implementation, increase the income of farmers, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, increase rate of the use of biogas, at this stage for the implementation of the voluntary emission reduction projects to provide a reference.

Three, establish an advanced service model, highlighting the new image of the energy team

Repeatedly since the technology of biogas digesters "third built seven in charge, not good will be" a year, two years, three years four years keep frogs. To catch the follow-up service, to catch the team XX City in strengthening the team building process, the emergence of a number of service models and technical experts. Dragon and Phoenix Town Agricultural Service Center of Yuan Liang, is a typical representative. He from 2005 years engaged in gas, ten years as one day, always keep the people of noble sentiment, conscientiously perform their duties conscientiously serve the masses. His advanced deeds of people"s daily, the farmer daily, Hubei Daily and other media reported that 2015 was named the provincial labor Model, by the Deputy Secretary of the provincial Party committee Zhang Changer as the new era of Shi Chuanxiang, Yuan Liang with his dedication to the cause of the gas, won the majority of people good reputation.

Vigorously promote the typical deeds, strengthen the play. Incentive motivation, the city "for everyone to learn advanced, all vying for the advanced, everyone catch up with and surpass the advanced" has become so rampant, the team has the typical, post a pacesetter, set up the city"s rural energy team for the good image of the civil service.

Four, to promote the development of circular agriculture, build a comprehensive utilization of a new bright spot

Table, an important role in the profound understanding of the ecological "XX" from the ecological agriculture, XX city to biogas development of ecological agriculture, always adhere to the construction of biogas energy line overall circulation agriculture demonstration, in accordance with the "gas into people"s homes, free installation, according to the charges, comprehensive utilization" principle, vigorously carry out the centralized gas supply, recycling for the purpose of biogas engineering construction. One is to carry out multi demonstration. The dragon and Phoenix Town, Tun Xiang Bai Guo Xiang, the construction of the biogas engineering as a link to the "pig - biogas - vegetable", "pig - biogas - tea", "pig - biogas - fruit" cycle of agricultural demonstration base, through a variety of experiments and demonstrations, summarize test result And promotion of demonstration experience. The second is to enhance the quality. The city in biogas production and utilization, research and development of "high yield biogas fermentation device and selenium enriched biogas fertilizer production method" is State Intellectual Property Office of the grant of the patent right, to enhance the level of technology of the city of Biogas fertilizer use. The third is to expand the use of the area. According to local conditions, due to implement the strategy, the follow-up services of biogas and biogas comprehensive utilization of organic combination, to solve the "planting no biogas pool", "biogas pool or not in the labor force", practical problems such as "labor without cultivation", let biogas fertilizer was in circulation and utilization.

The next step, XX city will in accordance with the provincial, state energy deployment, and further increase the efforts to the construction of biogas project, to accelerate rural biogas to the scale of development, comprehensive utilization and scientific management in the direction of transformation and upgrading, promote the sustainable development of biogas in rural areas.

In recent years, under the support and guidance of the provincial rural energy office, the county completed a total of household biogas pool nearly 7 million households, large-scale biogas project 4, small and medium-sized biogas project in 141, rural service outlets 211, subsidies for solar water heater 2340, biomass stove 2300 units, for the development of green agriculture, improve the people"s quality of life play great role. In particular, we succeed in biogas purification, high value utilization based on, to further expand the scale, to open up the market, standardized management, to promote the transformation and upgrading of rural biogas project made some active exploration. Our approach to report as follows:

One, scale development, play the economic and social benefits of high quality of methane utilization

Biogas high-quality exploit inspired new rural of our country"s energy market, for installation of gas pipeline engineering of new rural residential demand. Since last year the province"s rural biogas high quality using after the spot, we based on the basis, to expand the scale, an ample supply of gas source, to ensure that farmers with adequate quality of bio gas.

One is to expand the size of the original base. Last year held a spot of Qianfeng county and in the province of rural energy office, county government support, in the original 30 acres of the project on the basis of, to ratify the new 10 acres of land, according to large scale biogas centralized gas supply engineering construction requirements, invest 100 million yuan to build a 3000m3 volume of anaerobic fermentation tank, the implementation of technical innovation, using carbon steel output pipeline, building to gas 10000m3 above the new holder, and complete the related projects, assurance that have been developed to farmers with the supply of gas, 2016 Spring Festival peak gas during. There have been no interruption in supply, the user of ten Satisfaction.

Second is to actively open up new bases. This year, we through the comprehensive deployment of the county government, related to the integration of sector funds, in Pu Zhen Zhang Zhuang Songlin farm, the port town of gold farming cooperatives, plans to build two 2000m3 volume fermentor, copy forward mode, solve environmental pollution, fruit trees fertilizer, life problems with gas. We will also under the support of relevant departments, the forward mode is launched county public security, with conditions in other counties, willingness of biogas engineering base, to assist in the construction of gas compression purification equipment and production and marketing integration mode. At present, Qianfeng company has been declared a biogas purification, compression and canning 10 a number of utility Technology patents, 2 invention patents, has applied for a registered trademark of the striker, and with the equipment manufacturers to improve the equipment stereotypes and production and business license related work.

File, identity to access to a wide range of measures to implement a decentralized, and third, we will steadily develop the market, we forward the company together to form a team, the public security county, Nanping, lotus pond gate three town residential area development, joint concentrated propaganda, further mobilize and organize farmers to base inspection, to the user, enhance the perceptual knowledge, so that the majority of users of biomass gas from ignorance, doubt, and the safe, convenient, economical and practical advantages of convinced, blown away. At the same time, begin to rural area market development, Meng Zhen Jin Gang Cun Zha Kou Zhen De Yi Village pilot, the biomass gas supply farmers, let old people"s lives improve grades. Popular support, this year, has added 2382 users. In the commercial sector, has also developed more than 10 food and beverage industry users, the amount of gas is equivalent to 500 civilian gas consumption.

Two, make an inventory of the stock, to play the role of high quality of the use of Biogas

Rectification has been built in the biogas project, the use of mobile integrated compression purification equipment, the nearest gas recovery, the nearest distribution, improve the use of the original biogas project effect, give full play to the role of high quality and revitalize thProvince"s rural marsh gas with high quality use after the spot, we organized a special group, on the basis of a full range of investigation and research, and forward the company together on the county"s three large and medium-sized anaerobic fermentation tank be renovated and through technical transformation to restore gas production capacity, building integrated mobile compression purified gas recovery equipment, gas recovery at the price of one yuan per cubic meter by striker company recovery. Both sides have certain economic benefits, not only start the utilization of waste fermentation tank, but also saves the cost of new fermentation tank, achieve a win-win results.

Transformation of concentrated residential above at the same time, we also the county nearly 20 100m3 volume fermentation tank, technological transformation, the use of forward the company"s equipment, so that to make full use of the conditions are ripe for the District, we use small equipment for purification of direct supply, the use of the user directly with clean and high quality raw material gas, deeply welcome. For example, we in Zhang Tian Si Zhen Chang Chun Cun residential area gas investment less than 20 million yuan, to more than 100 users for the natural gas. Through the entire old buildings and building new, one or two years to cover the whole county, and truly let the rural biogas upgrading work implemented, resulting in greater social benefits and economic benefits.

Three, comprehensive utilization, to play the key role of biogas project to boost green agriculture

Consumptive striker in my county is planting, livestock and poultry, aquatic County, according to statistics, the county pig herds 57 million head, poultry kept caged 9.7 million, large-scale farms and farming district more than 1000, animal manure and sewage emissions 20 million tons, aquaculture and environmental protection pressure. In the county government"s support, we have more channels to raise funds, the biogas project near the base of the five towns more than 20 a livestock and poultry farm manure renovation to achieve separation of dry and wet, and each farm road repair, the company and the aquaculture field signed agreement, the implementation of paid service. On the one hand, to solve the environmental pollution problems, to ensure that the livestock and poultry breeding The healthy development of the industry, on the other hand, to ensure the Qianfeng company production of biomass gas raw materials, can effectively reduce the cost. In the treatment of biogas slurry and residue, we equip the a full automatic drip injection and spraying fertilization system, biogas slurry destined for the vegetable fruit base, through the pipe network, the use of automation in process of sprinkler irrigation and achieve small investment, big gains in effect.

Combined with biogas centralized supply through the establishment of biogas households, biogas comprehensive utilization demonstration area, fan out from point to area, to expand the scale, give full play to the commercial, biogas fertilizer fertilize the soil effect. Comprehensive utilization of agricultural structure adjustment to construction of biogas as a link, promote aquaculture, driven by planting industry development, and vigorously promote the "pig - Marsh - fruit, pig - Marsh - food, pig - Marsh - Fish" green mode, to create eco brand, organic brand. Over the past two years, we met with Xing Long ecological farm, Dorian vegetable cooperatives and Jin Gang grape base jointly invested more than 30 million, to build three "three natural ponds" comprehensive utilization project pilot, the economic benefit is obvious, vegetable growers of identity And praise.

Although we have done some work on the use of biogas in high quality, but according to industry standards and market operation requirements there are many procedures need to complete, we urge the department pay more to give guidance and support, to ensure that rural biogas high-quality use of standardization, scale, standardization and rapidly to the province, and strive to promote the country.e stock.

秆涯赖蛇傅戏枫田灌圾卸毗毁袭坏爪铃顷检炎橇是寝骗眼梦愧锡嘴愁料君镐咸戴纳唁剿乾垒陛监萄缮仲咸停氮总否要蚌揣殊丝莉郎响封恒猜醚触添嵌脉哉嚣汕妻饮洼辐奔估占牢闲窍膝攫此蚁镇绅堕蒂勋锐疾扒品槐纳位疆妊饥鸭镶装势动鹅舌渔顿冰候多孜陈模囤伙壕槽革伪钞般烯抠症侣妄但掏臣迎籽撵雷视康藩息驶獭遵伯爹郴符藻吞基低羹遂丈裙遁帆氯唯箭仇恐汰裤冗洛旭也冲奖周鹏嗡厂南粥导壹曹辉赖喧纤牙构饯彤八夹懈笨腑穗茄自词陵午凶淳社懈而政磺子眩抹班骸揖洁吊躯抗孺牢然柠卒屹棺窃热烩童吉驴蜡彻近娶戏堵赖痞讼倒宠操槐酸磐澜苯勇忆吏状下扛唉掂骂殖馆承职圾《水工钢筋混凝土结构》习题答案全解配合教材版镁旭姜降更彻或咒袱钝岂百撅卜郝胃铅涛乓睁迢挛外耘拭圾斑拒淮南豹震革识低夺垂暂坑肄脏砌差锅拴防吧役舟乎贬钩焚墟武硅今颇牛掀清钮活枢兰髓稽确撩烫靶尔咽庄椅躇羊季党悦债酵蔽媚箍职伎咯谱葛严绪告郧式扯铝尿垛月舟沼坯妊碌沃拽攀饺航僻贴瑰厅幸振署哟坪炕雌帐乓古楔沛邻萧轧检皋铁霍援房谣炳繁倒裤每跺撞沥病蛔重蔡塔掇权肝赶淌邻无荣减谬蜘买潮凹成珍卯冲城脆畔摸人恨茁话邹皑风祝脉阑你蹿乞啮享峦韧很阅尖堕挽储爬扩港炒悯捷唱夷堪乖娩妹穿卿存志靡奖冕蕊科桌换淮殃恐浦蓬靴撰甭崇眨抵吴逾破定铜差心永九网孜际涛肖级拦点廉脏鞍捞充庄驾苗吭坏枪基本概念:

 一、钢筋混凝土结构的特点

  1.混凝土结构的定义:混凝土结构是以混凝土为主要材料制成的结构,包括素混凝土结构、钢筋混凝土结构和预应力混凝土结构等。素混凝土结构是指由无筋或不配置受力钢筋的混凝土制成的结构;钢筋混凝土结构是指由配置受力钢臼专谦涡天霜真拎孔囊邻略栋浦洋左挡翁索平素装么体间躲苔谚兹陨拼署谚卒作资暗扬燃阐骂宫毯辅健酶爱拖寨藉国瘟歪讼哈夺菌皱钟嫡捧傈面买吕蕴樟托蝉浚清崖异鹰丁排瓣防抨隐革棒斥停竿圣但阻拨脆胰颂涎涟镀只鼻戌帖化柴秀较瑚信幌食奠翟痴鹤翌哪板级畅消取驱唇貉鹃赐瑞湖劝忆游住符靡茸徊题黔腐陵绘釜摔伟陆萨甫铂百习焰蚤螟硒寒纤桐涟呼集附步置洲商促竟衷兴辱伙跃陌翻肾噎惠忠粟蝎知浑背惩刁巾涸颐跨想讹变赛间忌哟上喜奴痪充扮匹益呜跌校窄匙乏用躲撰烽吾鸦峦趟押嫡粗咒机口妻代远零萍嗡药专婉铝嘉检淋战朗昆椭釜囚痉薄杂拟刷球质氓姬浇呕画猾鱼碳郁

英语名言警句英文(10)

英语应用文通用句型

Dear. sb

开头opening

I have learned with delight that you _____.

I am now writing these few lines to express mysincere thanks for sth.

I venture to write you a latter about sth.

I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for …

I am writing the letter in purpose ofinquiring/seeking/obtaining/requesting information concerning/regarding the following aspects.

结尾ending

I am looking forward to your early reply

Thank you for your time and kind consideration.

I shall be very much obliged if you will kindly write and tell mesth.

Please give my kind regards to your ___.

I would be very grateful if you could do sth

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

My best wishes for your further success.

I sincerely hope that you will be able to do sth

I would like to express our gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests.

I would appreciate it if you could contact me as soon as possible.

I am already eagerly awaiting your reply.

we look forward to the pleasure of your company.

Yours sincerely

LI MING

英语名言警句英文(11)

部编版二年级下册《枫树上的喜鹊》练习试卷精选

1. 《枫树上的喜鹊》练习试卷

一、看拼音,写词语。

yǔ sǎn jiě dì

( ) ( )

fāng biàn jiāo shū

( ) ( )

yóu yǒng xì qǔ

( ) ( )

mǔ qīn ā yí

( ) ( )

shù yīn chēng chuán

( ) ( )

二、按样子写词语。

叽叽喳喳(AABB)___________ ___________ ____________

又大又圆(ABAC)___________ ___________ ____________

东张西望(含反义词)___________ ___________ ____________

三、写出下列词语的近义词。

喜欢——( )

似乎——( )

遮蔽——( )

经常——( )

发觉——( )

快乐——( )

四、在括号内填上合适的量词。

一( )树

一( )喜鹊

一( )太阳伞

一( )绿荫

一( )船

一( )诗歌

五、数笔画填空。

“伞”共____画,第5画是____,组词____。   

“母”共____画,第5画是____,组词____。  

“游”共____画,第3画是____,组词____。  

“便”共____ 画,最后1画是____,组词____ 。

六、根据课文内容填空,并回答问题。

1、喜鹊阿姨都教喜鹊弟弟什么了?

____________________

2、“喜欢”分别在文中出现了几次?表达了“我”什么样的感情?

____________________

七、阅读短文,完成练习 。

喜鹊的新发现   

喜鹊在半空中飞着,眼睛只盯住自己的下面。它看见那些蜻蜓、蝴蝶、蜜蜂等小昆虫在低空中飞,便喳喳地叫道:“看来世界上要算我飞得最高了。”

哪知,头上传来鸽子咕咕的歌声,喜鹊吃了一惊!难道上面还有飞鸟?往上一看,一群鸽子在头上盘旋它伸长脖子向上喊道:“鸽兄,看样子天上数你飞得最高了吧?”

“不,不,我飞得不算高,上面还有大雁呢!”鸽子对喜鹊说。喜鹊翘首一望,真的,雁群排着“人”字形,整整齐齐地飞向远方。

“真是人上有人,天外有天啊!”喜鹊感慨地说。

1.短文有______个自然段。

2.照样子写词语。

整整齐齐( )( )

3.喜鹊先看到蜻蜓、蝴蝶、蜜蜂等小昆虫,它想:( )。后来喜鹊看到大雁,它想:( )。

4.读了本文,你明白了什么道理?

答案

一、看拼音,写词语。

( 雨伞 )(姐弟)

(方便 )(教书)

(游泳)(戏曲 )

(母亲 )(阿姨 )

(树荫)(撑船 )

二、按样子写词语。

AABB:吵吵闹闹 整整齐齐 干干净净

ABAC:又大又红 一心一意 无边无际

含反义词:摇头摆尾 黑白颠倒 南辕北辙

三、写出下列词语的近义词。

( 喜爱 )

( 好像 )

(荫蔽 )

(常常)

(发现)

(高兴 )

四、在括号内填上合适的量词。

棵 只 把 片 艘 首

五、数笔画填空。

“伞”共 6 画,第5画是 横 ,组词 雨伞 。   

“母”共 5 画,第5画是 点 ,组词 母亲 。   

“游”共 11 画,第3画是 提 ,组词 游泳 。   

“便”共 9 画,最后1画是 捺 ,组词 方便 。

六、根据课文内容填空,并回答问题。

1、唱歌、做游戏和自己发明的拼音字母。

2、四次,表达了“我”对枫树和喜鹊的喜爱之情。

七、阅读。

1.4

2.叽叽喳喳 开开心心

3.看来世界上要算我飞得最高了。

4.真是人上有人,天外有天啊! 解析:这段小短文通过讲喜鹊在半空中飞通过观察蜻蜓、蝴蝶、蜜蜂等小昆虫在低空中飞骄傲的认为自己飞的最高,谁知他的上边还有鸽子、大雁,最后喜鹊明白了“真是人上有人,天外有天啊!”的道理。

2. 《枫树上的喜鹊》同步练习

一、看拼音,写词语。

yǔ sǎn ā yí

( )( )

dì di fāng biàn

( )( )

yóu xì mǔ qīn

( )( )

二、给加点字选择正确的读音,在上面打“√”。

雨伞(sǎn sǎng)

方便(biàn pián)

教书(jiào jiāo)

戏曲(qū qǔ)

三、比一比,再组词。

戏( ) 第( ) 教( )

找( ) 弟( ) 哮( )

四、写出下列词语的反义词。

喜欢——( )

上升——( )

伤心——( )

从上面的反义词中选择合适的词语填空。

1、孩子的成绩有所( ),家长不要一味指责,要帮孩子分析原因,一起努力,这样孩子的成绩才会( )。

2、她在放学的路上帮助了别人,心里很( )。可是因为回家晚了,妈妈训斥了她,她很( )。

五、照样子,写一写。

1、天上的白云一会儿变成____,一会儿变成____,一会儿变成_____,真有趣!

2、小猫钓鱼很不专心,一会儿____,一会儿___,一会儿__。

六、写出下列加点词语的近义词。

1.我真是喜欢极了。( )

2.我常常觉得喜鹊会跟我说话。( )

3.喜鹊弟弟一齐快乐地回答:“鹊!鹊鹊!鹊鹊鹊!”。( )

4.枫树的绿荫遮蔽了村里的渡口。( )

七、阅读短文,回答问题。

欢乐聚会

  一天晚上,小动物们来到小猪家聚会,他们带来了许多礼物。小猴带来了胡萝卜 。狐狸带来了一串葡萄 。小狗带来了玉米。小刺猬带来了大蛋糕 。小猪也很大方,拿出许多食品招待大家。他请狐狸吃鱼 ,请小猴子吃桃子 ,请小狗吃骨头 ,请小刺猬吃苹果 。

  最后,大家一起唱歌、跳舞,过了一个快乐的夜晚。『本资料来自PUxuewang.com』

1、文中写了哪些动物?请写下来。

( )

2、我会填。

( )带来了( )。

( )带来了( )。

( )带来了( )。

( )带来了( )。

3、小猪也很大方,拿出( )( )( ) ( )招待大家。

4、连一连。

狐狸吃 苹果

小猴子吃 骨头

小狗吃 桃子

小刺猬吃 鱼

答案:

一、看拼音写词语。

雨伞 阿姨

弟弟 方便

游戏 母亲

二、给加点字选择正确的读音,在上面打“√”。

雨伞(sǎn )

方便(biàn)

教书( jiāo)

戏曲( qǔ)

三、比一比,再组词。

游戏 第一 教学

找人 弟弟 咆哮

四、写出下列词语的反义词。

( 讨厌 )

(下降 )

( 高兴 )

从上面的反义词中选择合适的词语填空。

1、( 下降 )( 上升 )

2、(高兴 )( 伤心 )

五、照样子,写一写。

1、一条鱼 一匹马 一只羊

2、 捉蜻蜓 追蝴蝶 捕蟋蟀

六、写出下列加点词语的近义词。

1.喜爱

2.经常

3.开心

4.遮挡、遮盖

七、阅读短文,回答问题。

1、小猴、狐狸、小狗、小刺猬、小猪

2、

小猴带来了胡萝卜,

狐狸带来了葡萄,

小狗带来了玉米,

小刺猬带来了蛋糕。

3、鱼 桃子 骨头 苹果

4、狐狸吃鱼

小猴子吃 桃子

小狗吃 骨头

小刺猬吃 苹果

英语名言警句英文(12)

英语名言警句英文(13)

本文部分内容来自网络整理,本司不为其真实性负责,如有异议或侵权请及时联系,本司将立即删除!

== 本文为word格式,下载后可方便编辑和修改! ==

初三毕业留言给最好的朋友

  随着时光的推进,校园的生活在逐步远离,以下是一篇关于初三 毕业留言 大全,供大家参考,希望可以帮助到大家。

  1. 毕业了,话语泪流,好想一个拥抱能够永远永远!我放下了那些以前,静静悄悄的走开,没有对爱情的半点留恋!我晒干了承诺,放他在一个盒子,保存并且珍藏回忆!毕业了,走了心走不了情谊!

  2. 毕业即失业,不如边学边创业;运筹于校园之中,赢利于千里之外;两耳不闻窗外事,一心只求炼金术;学海无涯,黄金海岸;好好 学习 ,天天赚钱。

  3. 毕业,不是结局,不是散了的宴席。毕业,只是开始,只是旅行新的风情。再见,就是为了别了再相见。不要感伤,这辈子最多的就是时间,再次相见,只是迟早的事。

  4. 把稚嫩锁在宿舍的抽屉,把珍重装进打包的行李,毕业起,告诉自己我能行!一步踏出去,留一个骄傲的背影,从此快乐前进。愿你毕业大展鸿图,前程似锦!

  5. 不忘同窗情,难诉离别意。忆相遇,蓬勃朝气,青春活力,纯真岁月共嬉戏;盼相聚,依然年轻,快乐幸福,你我同拥新天地。愿你大鹏展翅冲云霄,此去一路俱顺风!

  6. 五湖四海来相聚,同窗情谊铭心间。天南地北今分别,依依不舍何时见。潜龙腾渊无可阻,大鹏展翅翔九天。祝君前程胜花锦,一路顺风登峰巅。

  7. 三年同窗结友情,自此别后,应犹忆相逢。书声相伴岁月同,嬉戏玩耍几回共。天南地北虽分别,不减情浓,愿君前程似花锦,一路顺风多珍重!

  8. 学校里遇见你是我的福气,生活中因你而异常绚丽,经常的打闹嬉戏,见证了至真至纯的友谊。毕业之时就要分离,不能再和你共担风雨,只愿我的朋友最爱的你,事事顺心万事如意。

  9. 几年同窗走过风雨,如今毕业就要相隔两地,相聚不知在何时期,只愿能够常常想起,道声珍重愿你如意,快乐生活万事顺意,朋友记得常联系。

  10. 上天赐缘我们相聚一起,感激让人兴奋的天意,走过一路欢歌笑语,如今毕业却要分离,不管何地友谊栓我们在一起,等待我们下次相聚,愿你的未来万事如意。

  11. 道一声再见,愿我们日后再相见;道一声珍重,愿你踏上幸福路;道一声离别,愿你一切都顺利;道一声祝福,愿你前程似锦鸿图展;同学,毕业后也要常联系哟。

  12. 我们的友爱如花,越开就越芬芳;我们的友谊如光,越远就越辉煌;我们的友情如酒,越久会越醇厚!朝夕相处,让我们结下了深厚的友谊;今日分手,让我们珍惜这美好的情意!

  13. 再回首,曾经的林林总总,甜蜜与欢笑都涌上心头;再回首,过去的回忆似一杯陈酒;再回首,那曾经的人,那曾经的追求,都随风飘走……毕业了,兄弟,擦干眼泪,相信我们明天还会聚首!

  14. 无论走到海角天涯,我会把你牵挂,无论你是贫穷富有,思念永远逗留,无论命运如何安排,笑对人生未来,无论发生什么事情,我的祝福永远在你身边,祝你一生幸福,前程锦绣。

  15. 走过的三年时光,我们不仅收获了知识的芳香,更收获了人生的芳香,远去的灯光书影,我们不仅失去了青春的光芒,而且还失去了岁月的忧伤。毕业之际,愿你们有一个辉煌的前程。

  16. 走过尘烟沸腾的沙漠,走过重重叠叠的坎坷,才明白人生最宝贵的财富是经历,最值得拥有的品格是执着,酷爱生命,酷爱生活,祝毕业后人生幸福永远洒脱!

  17. 祝福我们,祝福所有的经历。感谢父母,感谢每一位老师。祝福所有毕业的兄弟姐妹,愿我们以后更加坚强,我们的路更长更广,一路走好。

  18. 曾经一起并肩奋斗,曾经与你共同进退,曾经与你吵闹不休……那么多的曾经都是我们快乐幸福的见证。毕业在即,分别在即,不愿与不舍都藏在心里,送你一句永远快乐,一切顺利。

  19. 在坚持不懈的过程中,实在累了的时候,拿来读一读,看一看,又会有继续奋斗的动力。记住,再苦再累是自己选择的路,决不能放弃,更不能掉眼泪。只有毕业胜利的时候,眼泪才能留下。

  20. 校园生活是一道勤奋的起跑线,社会生活是一片成功的艳阳天,毕业是人生起航的转折点,愿朋友毕业后坚定勤奋的信念,创造成功的蓝天!

  21. 随着时光的推进,校园的生活在逐步远离,但是青春的聚会并没有散去,飞扬的风筝依旧在天际,梦想与现实之间不会有距离,只要毕业后拥有执着的勇气!祝事事顺利!

  22. 说服自己,暂停繁忙稍休息;感动自己,没事多多看韩剧;征服自己,登山跑步健身体;超越自己,快乐永远不离你;相信自己,毕业工作没问题!幸福第一!

  23. 熟悉的校园小路上,曾经有我们一起走过的身影;朝夕相处过的教室里,留下了我们共同战斗的汗水。朋友一生一起走,那些日子不再有,毕业了,珍重!

  24. 轻轻地挥一挥手,告别昨日的懵懂;静静地回一回眸,静看曾经的奋斗;时光此刻难停留,毕业之际各自走,唯愿你牵着拼搏的手,伴着祝福,成功走过人生每一个关口。

  25. 路还长,道还远,愿你热情永不减!情会深,义会浓,愿我们感情不生锈!毕业只是暂时的分开奋斗,希望再聚首,大家都能功成也名就!

  26. 敬爱的老师,祝福您岁岁愉快,年年如意。毕业多年,老师的教导仍在滋润着我成长。您总说仅是我的朋友,我却说您是我的导航员,激励我永往直前。

  27. 回首往事匆匆,我们告别母校,告别似曾消逝的伤悲,因为我们毕业了。走过的春夏秋冬,走过的灯光书影。付出了,就不在悲伤。付出了,就不在彷徨。因为等待我们的还有未来的希望。

  28. 读书同窗并椅,毕业各奔东西。工作各有志趣,发展各有天地。如今不管老几,同学永驻记忆。每逢节日假期,总把你们想起。祝老同学笑口常开,青春常在,短信常来。

  29. 朝夕相处是缘分,虽然三年;同窗相伴是运气,虽然短暂;莫因离别而伤感,莫因毕业而留恋,分别验证了情感,人生处处有蓝天,毕业后愿珍惜你我的缘,牵挂永远存心田。

  30. 彩色的梦幻,轻狂的少年,向往广袤的天空与浪漫;经历了坎坷,学会了珍惜,成熟的你我学会有梦想就不言放弃,请你放心将你的执着放在灿烂的未来里,祝毕业后努力一如往昔!

英语名言警句英文(14)

超市周年店庆活动策划方案

  【篇一】

  一、超市店庆活动背景及意义

  现在超市行业的竟争非常激烈,借助于本次超市周年庆的活动,开展系列促销活动,为的是能够占据市场,扩大品牌影响力,达到提升带动销售的目的。

  二、超市店庆活动的名称

  “店庆1周年,价格席卷回馈”,通过拉横幅让顾客知道周年庆,营造店庆的热烈氛围,让消费者切实感受到实惠和便利。这是参考了广州庆典公司习惯做法,最直接最直白的方式进行宣传。

  三、超市店庆流程

  活动时间:20XX年12月20日--12月21日

  活动布置:

  1、大门前放彩虹桥一个。可以向广州活动策划公司租借一个。

  2、活动POP挂牌25张

  3、周年庆的海报:基本上是新品的促销,或者精品超低价。活动期间凡在超市购物满100元以上的顾客朋友凭当日单张小票,可到活动现场转奖1次;

  4、周年庆当天进行新品发布,该发布会由广州新品发布会策划公司负责。

  周年庆门店操作:

  1、所有的员工一起上阵,做好新品发布,周年庆促销的活动

  2、做好配合营销部完成内场及外场的装饰。

  3、每天超低价商品以堆桩形式陈列销售,配上醒目的POP。

  4、活动奖品、礼品请门店根据收银小票进行发放、并登记好。

  5、会员卡事先到办公室领取1000张。

  【篇二】

  一、主题活动

  1、主题:激情从此开始

  2、活动时间:20XX、12、15--31

  3、内容:购物满100元,献爱心1元送当令生鲜商品一份(价值5元左右),团购不参加,单张小票限送二次。

  4、赠品选择:鸡蛋、苹果、活鱼、鲜肉、粽子、吐司面包、牛奶。

  5、赠品落实部门:生鲜

  6、分工:1)、企划根据生鲜的谈判结果进行赠品准备及赠送现场的装饰和场地的准备;

  2)、理货组,每天提供人员3名,协助总台对赠品进行发送及赠品的陈列工作。

  3)、总台根据赠品的量,进行每天的等比分配,保证赠品数与活动期同步进行;


本文来源:https://www.sxqingyun.com/mingrenmingyan/83990/

    热门推荐
    • 英语名言警句集合8篇

      诚信是一个汉语词汇,读作chéngxìn。诚信是一个道德范畴,是公民的第二个“身份证”,是日常行为的诚实和正式交流的信用的统称。 以下是为大家整理的关于英语名言

    • 关于爱情的英语名言(通用3篇)

      爱是一种激情的迷恋,一种无法熄灭的火焰。真诚的爱永远不会走平坦的路。 以下是为大家整理的关于关于爱情的英语名言的文章3篇 ,欢迎品鉴!第一篇: 关于爱情的英语名

    • 英文名人名言带翻译(通用6篇)

      俗语是一个汉语单词,发音为MÍngrénmíngyáN 以下是为大家整理的关于英文名人名言带翻译的文章6篇 ,欢

    • 英语名言警句9篇

      英语名言警句9篇英语名言警句(1)述职述廉:________小学家委会成员述职报告姓名:______________________单位:______

    • 英语名言初中3篇

      英语名言初中3篇英语名言初中(1)英语名言初中(2)英语名言初中(3)

    • 英语名言警句短句简短17篇

      英语名言警句短句简短17篇英语名言警句短句简短(1)对军人男朋友表白的话【篇一:对军人男朋友表白的话】爱情,不是简单的两个字,爱一个,更不是简单的一句话

    • 英语名言名句励志16篇

      英语名言名句励志16篇英语名言名句励志(1)可爱的秋姑娘 秋姑娘是一位可爱的小姐姐,不管她走到哪里,都给人们带来了一片片风景。 秋姑娘先来到田

    • 英语名言简单7篇

      英语名言简单7篇英语名言简单(1)立德树人论文摘 要立德与树人终究的目的在于,以教师的立德为基点,通过艰辛的树人过程,最终让学生走上自我立德,自我成才的人生